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. 2014 Nov 25;14:229. doi: 10.1186/s12862-014-0229-5

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© Suzuki et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Nymphalid ground plan of Nymphalinae butterfly wing patterns. Using a comparative morphological approach, we dissected the extraordinarily diversified wing patterns into an assembly of Nymphalid ground plan (NGP) elements. The right, ventral wings are shown (left, each) with drawings of the NGP (right, each; mirror-opposite images of right wings). (a) Araschnia levana, (b) Mynes geoffroyi, (c) Symbrenthia hypselis, (d) Symbrenthia lilaea, (e) Hypanartia lethe, (f) Hypanartia dione, (g) Hypanartia kefersteini, (h) Vanessa cardui, (i) Vanessa atalanta, (j) Vanessa indica, (k) Antanartia delius, (l) Aglais io, (m) Aglais urticae, (n) Kaniska canace, (o) Nymphalis vau-album, (p) Polygonia c-album, (q) Polygonia c-aureum, (r) Hypolimnas bolina, (s) Precis andremiaja, (t) Precis archesia, (u) Precis octavia, (v) Junonia westermanni, (w) Junonia hierta, (x) Junonia orithya, (y) Junonia coenia, (z) Junonia lemonias, (aa) Junonia almana, (bb) Junonia atlites, (cc) Junonia iphita, (dd) Junonia erigone, (ee) Junonia hedonia, (ff) Salamis anteva, (gg) Salamis cacta, (hh) Protogoniomorpha anacardii, (ii) Protogoniomorpha parhassus, (jj) Yoma algina, (kk) Yoma sabina, (ll) Doleschallia bisaltide, (mm) Kallima paralekta. Colours are the same as those used in Figure 1.