Table 4.
Variable | Baseline assessment | 3 months assessment | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HELP n (%) | Control n (%) | OR (95% CI) | P | HELP n (%) | Control n (%) | OR (95% CI) | P | |
Heard about intestinal worms | 25 (86.2) | 13 (86.7) | 0.9 (0.2, 5.9) | 0.966* | 29 (100) | 14 (93.3) | 0.341* | |
Source of information | ||||||||
Clinic/hospitals | 4 (16.0) | 2 (15.4) | 0.9 (0.2, 6.0) | 0.961* | 5 (17.2) | 3 (21.4) | 0.8 (0.3, 2.3) | 0.741* |
Internet | 3 (12.0) | 2 (15.4) | 0.8 (0.3, 2.7) | 0.770* | 3 (10.3) | 3 (21.4) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.5) | 0.373* |
Mass media | 4 (16.0) | 2 (15.4) | 1.2 (0.4, 4.3) | 0.961* | 3 (10.3) | 2 (14.3) | 0.8 (0.3, 2.5) | 0.706* |
School | 0 | 0 | NA | - | 23 (79.3) | 4 (28.6) | 2.6 (1.0, 7.1) | < 0.001 |
Type of worms | ||||||||
Roundworm | 8 (32.0) | 5 (38.5) | 0.8 (0.3, 2.0) | 0.690 | 27 (93.1) | 5 (35.7) | 5.2 (2.2, 12.2) | < 0.001 |
Pinworm | 6 (24.0) | 4 (30.8) | 0.8 (0.3, 2.1) | 0.709* | 9 (31.0) | 7 (50.0) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.4) | 0.228 |
Hookworm | 9 (36.0) | 6 (46.2) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.8) | 0.544 | 23 (79.3) | 6 (42.9) | 2.7 (1.2, 6.4) | 0.035* |
Whipworm | 0 | 0 | NA | - | 11 (37.9) | 0 (0.0) | NA | 0.008* |
Signs and symptoms | ||||||||
Know at least one symptom | 20 (80.0) | 9 (69.2) | 1.4 (0.6, 3.5) | 0.459 | 28 (96.6) | 9 (64.3) | 3.4 (1.8, 6.7) | 0.010* |
Abdominal pain | 14 (56.0) | 7 (53.8) | 1.1 (0.4, 2.5) | 0.899 | 29 (100) | 7 (50.0) | NA | < 0.001 |
Diarrhoea | 10 (40.0) | 7 (53.8) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.7) | 0.415 | 18 (62.1) | 8 (57.1) | 1.1 (0.5, 2.7) | 0.757 |
Vomiting | 6 (24.0) | 3 (23.1) | 1.0 (0.4, 2.9) | 0.949* | 6 (20.7) | 4 (28.6) | 0.8 (0.3, 1.9) | 0.704 |
Loss of appetite | 6 (24.0) | 5 (38.5) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.6) | 0.457 | 6 (20.7) | 4 (28.6) | 0.8 (0.3, 1.9) | 0.704* |
Body weakness | 7 (28.0) | 2 (15.4) | 1.7 (0.5, 6.3) | 0.456* | 7 (24.1) | 4 (28.6) | 0.9 (0.4, 2.2) | 0.755 |
Blood in stool | 4 (16.0) | 2 (15.4) | 1.0 (0.3, 3.5) | 0.961* | 1 (3.4) | 1 (7.1) | 0.6 (0.2, 2.7) | 0.590* |
Poor school performance | 0 | 0 | NA | - | 12 (41.4) | 1 (7.1) | 5.6 (1.0, 38.7) | 0.033* |
Transmission | ||||||||
Know at least one way of transmission | 16 (64.0) | 10 (76.9) | 0.7 (0.2, 1.9) | 0.486 | 29 (100) | 11 (78.6) | NA | 0.029* |
Eating contaminated food | 10 (40.0) | 5 (38.5) | 1.0 (0.4, 2.6) | 0.927 | 17 (58.6) | 8 (57.1) | 1.0 (0.4, 2.5) | 0.927 |
Dirty hands | 13 (52.0) | 8 (61.5) | 0.8 (0.3, 1.9) | 0.575 | 20 (69.0) | 9 (64.3) | 1.2 (0.5, 2.8) | 0.795 |
Walking barefooted | 7 (28.0) | 4 (30.8) | 0.9 (0.4, 2.4) | 0.859 | 17 (58.6) | 5 (35.7) | 1.9 (0.8, 4.7) | 0.159 |
Drinking untreated water | 8 (32.0) | 4 (30.8) | 1.0 (0.4, 2.7) | 0.938 | 5 (17.2) | 5 (35.7) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.3) | 0.252 |
Playing with soil | 2 (8.0) | 1 (7.7) | 1.0 (0.2, 4.5) | 0.973* | 20 (69.0) | 4 (28.6) | 3.1 (1.2, 8.5) | 0.012 |
Not cutting nails regularly | 5 (20.0) | 4 (30.8) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.7) | 0.689* | 10 (34.5) | 6 (42.9) | 0.8 (0.3, 1.8) | 0.594 |
Flies | 0 | 0 | NA | - | 11 (37.9) | 1 (7.1) | 5.0 (1.0, 34.3) | 0.035* |
Prevention | ||||||||
Know at least one way for prevention | 20 (80.0) | 8 (61.5) | 1.7 (0.7,4.1) | 0.263* | 29 (100) | 10 (71.4) | NA | 0.008* |
Taking de-worming drugs | 11 (44.0) | 8 (61.5) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.6) | 0.305 | 17 (58.6) | 7 (50.0) | 1.3 (0.5, 2.9) | 0.594 |
Washing hands before eating | 8 (32.0) | 5 (38.5) | 0.8 (0.3, 2.0) | 0.730* | 29 (100) | 9 (64.3) | NA | 0.002* |
Wearing shoes when outside | 7 (28.0) | 4 (30.8) | 0.9 (0.4, 2.4) | 0.858* | 15 (51.7) | 6 (42.9) | 1.3 (0.5, 3.0) | 0.586 |
Boiling drinking water | 3 (12.0) | 4 (30.8) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.2) | 0.203* | 6 (20.7) | 4 (28.6) | 0.8 (0.3, 1.9) | 0.704* |
Washing vegetables before consumption | 5 (20.0) | 6 (46.2) | 0.4 (0.2, 1.1) | 0.135* | 9 (31.0) | 5 (35.7) | 0.9 (0.4, 2.1) | 0.759* |
OR, Odds ratio. CI, Confidence interval. NA, Not applicable due to small numbers.
*Fisher’s Exact test.
Significant association (P < 0.05).