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Model for simultaneous activation and release of constitutive polyphenol oxidase (PPO) by proteolysis on the surface of a wild oat caryopsis following pathogen challenge. Such a mechanism would not exclude PPO induction by other mechanisms, such as transcriptional induction. Both o-quinones and melanins are hypothesized to have anti-microbial properties (Constabel and Barbehenn, 2008).
