Table 1.
Associated factors regarding nocturnal awakening by univariate logistical regression models (N = 20 505)
| Variables (n, %) | Prevalence of nocturnal awakening n (%) | Univariate regression models OR (95% CI) | Pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | |||
| Age (years) | <.001 | ||
| 5-6 (2534, 12.4%) | 196 (7.7) | 1.00 | |
| 7- (3781, 18.6%) | 343 (9.1) | 1.19 (0.99-1.43) | .063 |
| 8- (3817, 18.7%) | 351 (9.2) | 1.18 (0.98-1.42) | .074 |
| 9- (3781, 18.2%) | 377 (10.0) | 1.32 (1.10-1.58) | .002 |
| 10- (3703, 17.1%) | 370 (10.0) | 1.32 (1.10-1.58) | 003 |
| 11- (2762, 13.6%) | 298 (10.9) | 1.44 (1.19-1.74) | <.001 |
| Gender (%) | |||
| Boys (10095, 49.5%) | 1005 (10.0) | 1.13 (1.03-1.24) | .013 |
| Girls (10306, 50.5%) | 921 (8.9) | 1.00 | |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Han ethnic group (19346, 94.9%) | 1809 (9.4) | 1.00 | |
| Minority ethnic group (1038, 5.1%) | 114 (11.0) | 1.20 (0.98-1.46) | .080 |
| Socioeconomic characteristics | |||
| Family income | <.001 | ||
| <800 (3903, 19.3%) | 567 (14.5) | 2.57 (2.22-2.98) | <.001 |
| 800-2500 (11460, 56.6%) | 1033 (9.0) | 1.50 (1.31-1.71) | <.001 |
| ≥2500 (4902, 24.2%) | 304 (6.2) | 1.00 | |
| Family structure | <.001 | ||
| Single parent family (1081, 5.3%) | 150 (13.9) | 1.53 (1.27-1.83) | <.001 |
| Large family (6478, 31.7%) | 551 (8.5) | 0.88 (0.79-0.98) | .019 |
| Nuclear family (12852, 63.0%) | 1226 (9.5) | 1.00 | |
| Mather’s education level | <.001 | ||
| Low (5687, 28.2%) | 853 (15.0) | 2.91 (2.58-3.28) | <.001 |
| Medium (6716, 33.3%) | 589 (8.8) | 1.58 (1.39-1.80) | <.001 |
| High (7741, 38.4%) | 443 (5.7) | 1.00 | |
| Father’s education level | <.001 | ||
| Low (4884, 24.0%) | 764 (15.6) | 2.86 (2.54-3.22) | <.001 |
| Medium (6969, 34.2%) | 639 (9.2) | 1.56 (1.38-1.76) | <.001 |
| High (8538, 41.9%) | 520 (6.1) | 1.00 | |
| Biological chronic health problems | |||
| Overweight/obesity | |||
| Yes (4119, 20.6%) | 660 (16.2) | 1.87 (1.42-2.48) | <.001 |
| No (15878, 79.4%) | 1471 (9.3) | 1.00 | |
| Chronic pain during night | |||
| Yes (1362, 6.7%) | 299 (22.0) | 3.03 (2.64-3.47) | <.001 |
| No (18995, 93.3%) | 1616 (8.5) | 1.00 | |
| History of ADHD diagnosis | |||
| Yes (921, 4.5%) | 151 (16.4) | 1.95 (1.63-2.34) | <.001 |
| No (19568, 95.5%) | 1787 (9.1) | 1.00 | |
| Chronic respiratory condition | |||
| Yes (7000, 34.2%) | 754 (10.8) | 1.26 (1.14-1.39) | <.001 |
| No (13457, 65.8%) | 1178 (8.8) | 1.00 | |
| Food/drug allergy | |||
| Yes (1160, 5.7%) | 122 (10.5) | 1.13 (0.93-1.38) | .046 |
| No (19331, 94.3%) | 1816 (9.4) | 1.00 | |
| Psychosocial condition | |||
| Poor mental and emotional condition | |||
| Yes (6856, 33.4%) | 844 (12.3) | 1.61 (1.46-1.77) | <.001 |
| No (13649, 66.6%) | 1097 (8.0) | 1.00 | |
| Poor peer acceptance/social functioning | |||
| Yes (5685, 27.7%) | 663 (11.7) | 1.40 (1.27-1.55) | <.001 |
| No (14820, 72.3%) | 1278 (8.6) | 1.00 | |
| Poor parenthood | |||
| Yes (6495, 31.7%) | 762 (11.7) | 1.45 (1.31-1.59) | <.001 |
| No (14010, 68.35%) | 1179 (8.4) | 1.00 | |
| Sleep environments | |||
| Sleep arrangements | .215 | ||
| Bed-sharing (4817, 23.5%) | 477 (9.9) | 1.09 (0.97-1.22) | .145 |
| Room-sharing (3035, 14.8%) | 302 (10.0) | 1.09 (0.96-1.25) | .192 |
| Sleeping alone (12653, 61.7%) | 1162 (9.2) | 1.00 | |
| Bedroom intrusive noise | |||
| Yes (861, 4.2%) | 112 (13.0) | 1.46 (1.19-1.79) | <.001 |
| No (19577, 95.8%) | 1821 (9.3) | 1.00 | |
| Bedroom intrusive light | |||
| Yes (2173, 10.6%) | 279 (13.0) | 1.51 (1.32-1.72) | <.001 |
| No (17880, 89.4%) | 1660 (9.1) | 1.00 | |
| Bedtime hygiene | |||
| Having drinks with caffeine after 6:00 pm | |||
| Usually/often (7935, 38.8%) | 892 (11.2) | 1.39 (1.27-1.53) | <.001 |
| Occasionally/never (12512, 61.2%) | 1043 (8.3) | 1.00 | |
| Dong exciting activities before bedtime | |||
| Usually/often (6092, 29.8%) | 758 (12.4) | 1.59 (1.44-1.75) | <.001 |
| Occasionally/never (14331, 70.2%) | 1179 (8.2) | 1.00 | |
| Bedtime resistance | |||
| Yes (14421, 71.7%) | 1528 (10.6) | 1.65 (1.47-1.85) | <.001 |
| No (5690, 28.3%) | 382 (6.7) | 1.00 | |
| Irregular bedtime | |||
| Yes (5952, 29.1%) | 653 (11.0) | 1.27 (1.15-1.40) | <.001 |
| No (14518, 70.8%) | 1285 (8.9) | 1.00 | |
| Family history of insomnia | |||
| Grandparents’ history of insomnia | |||
| Yes (1778, 8.7%) | 179 (10.1) | 1.08 (0.92-1.27) | .365 |
| No (18727, 91.3%) | 1762 (9.4) | 1.00 | |
| Parents’ history of insomnia | |||
| Yes (3369, 16.4%) | 455 (13.5) | 1.64 (1.47-1.84) | <.001 |
| No (17136, 83.6%) | 1486 (8.7) | 1.00 | |
Family income was expressed in RMB (yuan)/person/month.
OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.