Table 2.
Factors associated with malaria infection in univariate and multivariate random effect logistic regression analyses for children under five years of age in Burkina Faso (2010)
| Covariates | Univariate multilevel | Multivariate multilevel |
|---|---|---|
| OR* (95% CrI † ) | OR* (95% CrI † ) | |
| Individual level factors | ||
| Age (6–12 months) | Reference | Reference |
| 13-23 months | 1.13 (0.91-1.40) | 1.11 (0.90-1.37) |
| 24-35 months | 1.46 (1.18-1.92) | 1.41 (1.14-1.74) |
| 36-47 months | 1.71 (1.38-2.13) | 1.70 (1.37-2.10) |
| 48-59 months | 1.92 (1.54-2.40) | 1.81 (1.45-2.25) |
| Female Gender | 1.12 (0.99-1.27) | NI |
| Not sleeping under a bed net | 1.23 (1.08-1.41) | NI |
| Household level factors | ||
| Mother’s Education Level § (No schooling) | Reference | Reference |
| Primary | 0.54 (0.45-0.66) | 0.73 (0.59-0.89) |
| Secondary or higher | 0.30 (0.22-0.40) | 0.60 (0.44-0.82) |
| Household size (<5 persons) | Reference | |
| 5-7 persons | 1.18 (0.99-1.40) | NI |
| >7 persons | 1.50 (1.26-1.78) | NI |
| Household wealth index (Richest) | Reference | Reference |
| Richer | 3.05 (2.46-3.79) | 1.84 (1.45-2.33) |
| Middle | 4.41 (3.50-5.54) | 2.35 (1.82-3.05) |
| Poorer | 4.42 (3.49-5.59) | 2.23 (1.70-2.90) |
| Poorest | 5.68 (4.46-7.25) | 3.02 (2.29-3.99) |
| Community level factors | ||
| Rate of attendance to health facilities (>2) | Reference | Reference |
| 1-2 visits per year | 2.49 (1.81-3.40) | 1.38 (1.05-1.82) |
| <1 visits per year | 6.13 (4.07-9.21) | 2.49 (1.77-3.51) |
| Population per medical doctor (20,000-50,000) | Reference | |
| 50,001–100,000 | 2.32 (1.65-3.26) | NI |
| >100 000 | 2.76 (1.94-3.91) | NI |
| Population per heath worker (>3,000) | 1.84 (1.46-2.33) | NI |
| Climatic/Environmental factors | ||
| Distance to river (<1 km) | Reference | |
| 1 - 5 km | 0.99 (0.52-1.87) | NI |
| ≥5 km | 2.00 (1.10-3.62) | NI |
| Distance to road: truncated at 16 km | 1.32 (1.22-1.43) | NI |
| Distance to road: squared term | 0.99 (0.98-0.99) | NI |
| NDVI (<0.3) | Reference | Reference |
| 0.3 - 0.5 | 1.82 (1.40-2.37) | 1.34 (1.07-1.68) |
| ≥0.5 | 2.77 (2.06-3.73) | 1.71 (1.29-2.26) |
| Average monthly rainfall (<50 mm) | Reference | |
| 50 -100 mm | 0.49 (0.31-0.79) | NI |
| ≥100 mm | 0.32 (0.19-0.56) | NI |
| Rainfall 60 days prior to survey (<100 mm) | 4.06 (2.54-6.47) | 1.69 (1.14-2.53) |
| Altitude (<300 m) | 1.82 (1.43-2.30) | |
| Maximum temperature (<38.5°C) | Reference | Reference |
| 38.5 - 39.5°C | 0.72 (0.55-0.94) | 0.89 (0.70-1.12) |
| ≥39.5°C | 1.09 (0.78-1.51) | 0.89 (0.67-1.19) |
| Population density: 100/km2, truncated at 500/km2 | 0.89 (0.57-1.37) | 1.35 (0.88-2.06) |
| Population density: squared term | 0.94 (0.87-1.02) | 0.91 (0.84-0.99) |
Statistically significant results are in bold.
*OR: Odds Ratio using the category between brackets as reference.
†CrI: Credible Interval.
§210 observations were missing mother’s education information and these were removed from the models that included this variable.
NI: Not Included.