Table 4.
EEG measure | Gene | Chr | N SNPs | test-statistic | p-value | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beta | GABRA2 | 4 | 18 | 70.46 | .014 | 6,11 |
Alpha, occipital | CRH-BP | 5 | 33 | 71.63 | .036 | 7 |
Alpha, Cz | CRH-BP | 5 | 33 | 42.95 | .212 | 7 |
Theta | CHRM2* | 7 | 61 | 116.55 | .055 | 9 |
Theta | GRM8* | 7 | 236 | 321.06 | .140 | 4 |
Alpha, Cz | UGDH | 4 | 31 | 46.28 | .157 | 8 |
Alpha, occipital | UGDH | 4 | 31 | 44.95 | .174 | 8 |
Theta | SGIP1 | 1 | 99 | 131.95 | .199 | 8 |
Theta | HTR7* | 10 | 35 | 34.59 | .413 | 14 |
Theta | KCNJ6* | 21 | 126 | 128.12 | .442 | 10 |
Alpha, occipital | HTR1A | 5 | 9 | 7.74 | .447 | 1 |
Alpha, Cz | HTR1A | 5 | 9 | 4.68 | .694 | 1 |
Alpha, occipital | CLU | 8 | 36 | 32.28 | .468 | 12 |
Alpha, Cz | CLU | 8 | 36 | 24.99 | .677 | 12 |
Alpha, occipital | HTR3B | 11 | 34 | 29.95 | .466 | 5 |
Alpha, Cz | HTR3B | 11 | 34 | 20.66 | .740 | 5 |
Theta | BDNF | 11 | 30 | 18.19 | .702 | 3 |
Theta | COMT | 22 | 55 | 38.10 | .720 | 13 |
Alpha frequency | COMT | 22 | 55 | 33.32 | .815 | 2 |
Delta | COMT | 22 | 55 | 28.52 | .887 | 13 |
Note: Chr is the chromosome on which each gene is located. N SNPs gives the number of SNPs considered part of that gene by VEGAS (those within 50 kilobases of each end of the gene). Each test has 1 df. Source gives the paper reporting the relevant previous results (see below). Candidate genes for event-related theta activity (as opposed to resting theta activity) are indicated by an asterisk.
Bismark, A. W., Moreno, F. A., Stewart, J. L., Towers, D. N., Coan, J. A., Oas, J., … Allen, J. J. (2010). Polymorphisms of the HTR1a allele are linked to frontal brain electrical asymmetry. Biological Psychology, 83, 153–158. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.12.002
Bodenmann, S., Rusterholz, T., Durr, R., Stoll, C., Bachmann, V., Geissler, E., … Landolt, H. P. (2009). The functional Val158Met polymorphism of COMT predicts interindividual differences in brain alpha oscillations in young men. Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 10855–10862. doi: 29/35/10855 [pii]10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1427-09.2009
Bulgin, N. L., Strauss, J. S., King, N. A., Shaikh, S. A., George, C. J., Fox, N. A., … Kennedy, J. L. (2008). Association study of theta EEG asymmetry and brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene variants in childhood-onset mood disorder. Neuromolecular Medicine, 10, 343–355. doi: 10.1007/s12017-008-8038-x
Chen, A. C., Tang, Y., Rangaswamy, M., Wang, J. C., Almasy, L., Foroud, T., … Porjesz, B. (2009). Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in a glutamate receptor gene (GRM8) with theta power of event-related oscillations and alcohol dependence. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 150B, 359–368. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30818
Ducci, F., Enoch, M. A., Yuan, Q., Shen, P. H., White, K. V., Hodgkinson, C., … Goldman, D. (2009). HTR3B is associated with alcoholism with antisocial behavior and alpha EEG power--an intermediate phenotype for alcoholism and co-morbid behaviors. Alcohol, 43, 73–84. doi: S0741-8329(08)00334-0 [pii]10.1016/j.alcohol.2008.09.005
Edenberg, H. J., Dick, D. M., Xuei, X., Tian, H., Almasy, L., Bauer, L. O., … Begleiter, H. (2004). Variations in GABRA2, encoding the alpha 2 subunit of the GABA(A) receptor, are associated with alcohol dependence and with brain oscillations. American Journal of Human Genetics, 74, 705–714.
Enoch, M. A., Shen, P. H., Ducci, F., Yuan, Q., Liu, J., White, K. V., … Goldman, D. (2008). Common genetic origins for EEG, alcoholism and anxiety: the role of CRH-BP. PLoS One, 3, e3620. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003620
Hodgkinson, C. A., Enoch, M. A., Srivastava, V., Cummins-Oman, J. S., Ferrier, C., Iarikova, P., … Goldman, D. (2010). Genome-wide association identifies candidate genes that influence the human electroencephalogram. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 8695–8700. doi: 0908134107 [pii]10.1073/pnas.0908134107
Jones, K. A., Porjesz, B., Almasy, L., Bierut, L., Dick, D., Goate, A., … Begleiter, H. (2006). A cholinergic receptor gene (CHRM2) affects event-related oscillations. Behavior Genetics, 36, 627–639.
Kang, S. J., Rangaswamy, M., Manz, N., Wang, J. C., Wetherill, L., Hinrichs, T., … Dick, D. (2012). Family-based genome-wide association study of frontal theta oscillations identifies potassium channel gene KCNJ6. Genes, Brain and Behavior, 11, 712–719.
Lydall, G. J., Saini, J., Ruparelia, K., Montagnese, S., McQuillin, A., Guerrini, I., … Gurling, H. M. (2011). Genetic association study of GABRA2 single nucleotide polymorphisms and electroencephalography in alcohol dependence. Neuroscience Letters, 500, 162–166. doi: S0304-3940(11)00879-2 [pii] 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.05.240
Ponomareva, N. V., Andreeva, T., Protasova, M., Shagam, L., Malina, D., Goltsov, A., … Rogaev, E. I. (2013). Age-dependent effect of Alzheimer’s risk variant of CLU on EEG alpha rhythm in non-demented adults. Front Aging Neurosci, 5, 86. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00086
Venables, N. C., Bernat, E. M., & Sponheim, S. R. (2009). Genetic and disorder-specific aspects of resting state EEG abnormalities in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35, 826–839. doi: sbn021 [pii]10.1093/schbul/sbn021
Zlojutro, M., Manz, N., Rangaswamy, M., Xuei, X., Flury-Wetherill, L., Koller, D., … Kuperman, S. (2011). Genome-wide association study of theta band event-related oscillations identifies serotonin receptor gene HTR7 influencing risk of alcohol dependence. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 156, 44–58.