Table A.1.

First-Stage Regressions

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
	OLS	OLS	OLS	OLS	OLS	OLS
	Second-Stage Dependent Variable is:
	Log of Population Density in 1500 CE	Log of Population Density in 1000 CE	Log of Population Density in 1 CE	Log of Technology Index in 1/1000 CE	Log of Population Density in 1000 CE	Log of Population Density in 1 CE
	Endogenous Variable is:
					Log Technology Index in:
	Log Years since Neolithic Transition				1000 CE	1 CE
Excluded Instruments:
Domesticable Plants	0.012** (0.005)	0.013** (0.005)	0.012** (0.006)	0.012** (0.005)	0.001 (0.001)	0.007*** (0.002)
Domesticable Animals	0.067** (0.029)	0.064** (0.028)	0.048* (0.029)	0.063** (0.028)	0.020*** (0.006)	−0.002 (0.008)
Second-Stage Controls:
Log Land Productivity	0.040 (0.049)	0.025 (0.049)	−0.011 (0.037)	0.023 (0.049)	0.002 (0.014)	−0.003 (0.017)
Log Absolute Latitude	−0.127*** (0.042)	−0.130*** (0.043)	−0.083* (0.044)	−0.120*** (0.044)	−0.015 (0.014)	−0.005 (0.019)
Mean Distance to Nearest Coast or River	0.127 (0.141)	0.103 (0.140)	0.094 (0.156)	0.079 (0.143)	0.112** (0.044)	0.055 (0.093)
Percentage of Land within 100 km of Coast or River	−0.165 (0.137)	−0.190 (0.136)	−0.227* (0.136)	−0.171 (0.137)	0.044 (0.036)	0.061 (0.063)
Continent Dummies	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Observations	96	94	83	93	92	83
R-squared	0.68	0.70	0.71	0.67	0.71	0.51
Partial R-squared	0.27	0.28	0.25	0.26	0.17	0.16
F-statistic	14.65	15.10	10.85	13.47	12.52	12.00

Summary – This table collects the first-stage regression results for all IV regressions examined in the text. Specifically, regressions (1), (2), and (3) represent, respectively, the first stage of regression (6) in Tables 2, 3, and 4. Regression (4) corresponds to the first stage of both regressions (3) and (6) in Table 8. Finally, regressions (5) and (6) represent the first stage of regressions (3) and (6), respectively, in Table 9.

Notes – (i) log land productivity is the first principal component of the log of the percentage of arable land and the log of an agricultural suitability index; (ii) the partial R-squared reported is for the excluded instruments only; (iii) the F-statistic is from the test of excluded instruments and is always significant at the 1 percent level; (iv) a single continent dummy is used to represent the Americas, which is natural given the historical period examined; (v) the dummy for Oceania is not employed due to the presence of a single observation for this continent in the corresponding regression samples; (vi) robust standard error estimates are reported in parentheses; (vii) *** denotes statistical significance at the 1 percent level, ** at the 5 percent level, and * at the 10 percent level, all for two-sided hypothesis tests.