Table D.4.

Additional Robustness to Corrections for Spatial Autocorrelation

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
	Corrected OLS	Corrected OLS	Corrected OLS	Corrected OLS	Corrected OLS	Corrected OLS
	Dependent Variable is:
	Log Income per Capita in:			Log Population Density in:
	1500 CE	1000 CE	1 CE	1500 CE	1000 CE	1 CE
Log Years since Neolithic Transition	0.159** [0.064]	0.073* [0.038]	0.109 [0.069]	1.337*** [0.437]	0.832*** [0.263]	1.006*** [0.376]
Log Land Productivity	0.041** [0.016]	−0.021 [0.023]	−0.001 [0.020]	0.584*** [0.125]	0.364*** [0.098]	0.681*** [0.147]
Log Absolute Latitude	−0.041 [0.043]	0.060 [0.108]	−0.175 [0.123]	0.050 [0.343]	−2.140*** [0.704]	−2.163*** [0.838]
Mean Distance to Nearest Coast or River	0.215** [0.100]	−0.111 [0.125]	0.043 [0.116]	−0.429 [0.893]	−0.237 [0.656]	0.118 [0.859]
Percentage of Land within 100 km of Coast or River	0.124* [0.075]	−0.150 [0.110]	0.042 [0.082]	1.855*** [0.620]	1.326** [0.524]	0.228 [0.605]
Continent Dummies	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Observations	31	26	29	31	26	29
R-squared	0.66	0.68	0.33	0.88	0.95	0.89

Notes – (i) log land productivity is the first principal component of the log of the percentage of arable land and the log of an agricultural suitability index; (ii) a single continent dummy is used to represent the Americas, which is natural given the historical period examined; (iii) regressions (2)–(3) and (5)–(6) do not employ the Oceania dummy due to a single observation for this continent in the corresponding regression samples; (iv) standard errors corrected for spatial autocorrelation are reported in square brackets; (v) the spatial distribution of countries in ℜ² is specified using aerial distances between geodesic centroids; (vi) the spatial autocorrelation in error terms is modelled as declining linearly along a 4,000 km radius from each observation; (vii) *** denotes statistical significance at the 1 percent level, ** at the 5 percent level, and * at the 10 percent level, all for two-sided hypothesis tests.