Table 1.
Participant demographic and clinical characteristics
| Enhanced | Minimal | Control | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 311 | N = 312 | N = 313 | (n = 936) | |
| Age | ||||
| ≤44 years | 34 (10.9) | 38 (12.2) | 29 (9.3) | 101 (10.8) |
| 45–54 years | 43 (13.8) | 52 (16.7) | 49 (15.7) | 144 (15.4) |
| 55–64 years | 101 (32.5) | 96 (30.8) | 110 (35.1) | 307 (32.8) |
| 65–74 years | 85 (27.3) | 85 (27.2) | 85 (27.2) | 255 (27.2) |
| ≥75 years | 48 (15.4) | 41 (13.1) | 40 (12.8) | 129 (13.8) |
| Education | ||||
| Less than high school (1–8) | 16 (5.1) | 12 (3.9) | 22 (7.0) | 50 (5.3) |
| High school (9–12) | 151 (48.6) | 153 (49.0) | 151 (48.2) | 455 (48.6) |
| Some college | 66 (21.2) | 73 (23.4) | 59 (18.9) | 198 (21.2) |
| College degree | 45 (14.5) | 41 (13.1) | 54 (17.3) | 140 (15.0) |
| Professional or advanced degree | 33 (10.6) | 33 (10.6) | 27 (8.6) | 93 (9.9) |
| Race | ||||
| White | 287 (92.3) | 283 (90.7) | 285 (91.1) | 855 (91.4) |
| African American | 12 (3.9) | 16 (5.1) | 18 (5.8) | 46 (4.9) |
| Hispanic | 7 (2.3) | 8 (2.6) | 6 (1.9) | 21 (2.2) |
| Other | 5 (1.6) | 5 (1.6) | 4 (1.3) | 14 (1.5) |
| Annual income | ||||
| <$10,000 | 32 (10.4) | 34 (11.0) | 35 (11.2) | 101 (10.9) |
| $10,000 - $24,999 | 55 (17.8) | 56 (18.1) | 64 (20.5) | 175 (18.8) |
| $25,000 - $39,999 | 68 (22.0) | 53 (17.1) | 42 (13.5) | 163 (17.5) |
| $40,000 - $54,999 | 56 (18.1) | 46 (14.8) | 42 (13.5) | 144 (15.5) |
| $55,000 and greater | 98 (31.7) | 121 (39.0) | 129 (41.4) | 348 (37.4) |
| Missing | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single/never married | 21 (6.8) | 18 (5.8) | 29 (9.3) | 68 (7.3) |
| Married or living as married | 194 (62.6) | 213 (68.3) | 206 (65.8) | 613 (65.6) |
| Divorced/separated | 56 (18.1) | 49 (15.7) | 51 (16.3) | 156 (16.7) |
| Widowed | 39 (12.6) | 32 (10.3) | 27 (8.6) | 98 (10.5) |
| Medical service | ||||
| Internal Medicine/Family Medicine | 79 (25.4) | 84 (26.9) | 84 (26.8) | 247 (26.4) |
| Cardiology | 111 (35.7) | 111 (35.6) | 112 (35.8) | 334 (35.7) |
| Orthopedics | 121 (38.9) | 117 (37.5) | 117 (37.4) | 355 (37.9) |
| Type of medical insurance | ||||
| Private | 157 (50.5) | 145 (46.5) | 158 (50.5) | 460 (49.2) |
| Medicare | 120 (38.6) | 123 (39.2) | 114 (36.4) | 357 (38.1) |
| Medicaid | 27 (8.7) | 39 (12.5) | 38 (12.1) | 104 (11.1) |
| Other insurer/none/self-pay | 7 (2.3) | 5 (1.6) | 3 (1.0) | 15 (1.6) |
| Prescription drug insurance | ||||
| Yes | 297 (95.5) | 294 (94.5) | 303 (97.1) | 894 (95.7) |
| Average number of prescription medications* | 11.0 (5.7) | 11.8 (6.0) | 10.4 (5.5) | 11.0 (5.8) |
| Chronic conditions (% yes) | ||||
| Hypertension | 249 (80.1) | 231 (74.0) | 239 (76.4) | 719 (76.8) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 194 (62.4) | 195 (62.5) | 189 (60.3) | 578 (61.8) |
| Heart failure | 85 (27.3) | 91 (29.2) | 76 (24.3) | 252 (26.9) |
| Coronary artery disease | 114 (36.7) | 108 (34.6) | 94 (30.0) | 316 (33.8) |
| Myocardial infarction | 69 (22.2) | 68 (21.8) | 62 (19.8) | 199 (21.2) |
| Transient ischemic attacks | 26 (8.4) | 30 (9.6) | 26 (8.3) | 82 (8.8) |
| Stroke | 12 (3.9) | 17 (5.5) | 14 (4.5) | 43 (4.6) |
| Depression | 105 (33.8) | 105 (33.7) | 98 (31.3) | 308 (32.9) |
| Anxiety | 91 (29.3) | 79 (25.3) | 73 (23.3) | 243 (26.0) |
| Arthritis | 193 (62.1) | 197 (63.1) | 192 (61.3) | 582 (62.2) |
| Diabetes | 113 (36.3) | 123 (39.4) | 114 (36.4) | 350 (37.4) |
| Kidney disease* | 35 (11.3) | 58 (18.6) | 34 (10.9) | 127 (13.6) |
| Liver disease | 15 (4.8) | 17 (5.5) | 14 (4.5) | 46 (4.9) |
| Asthma or pulmonary disease | 79 (25.4) | 90 (28.9) | 86 (27.5) | 255 (27.2) |
| Knee replacement | 82 (26.4) | 70 (22.4) | 78 (24.9) | 230 (24.6) |
| Hip replacement | 49 (15.8) | 36 (11.5) | 32 (10.2) | 117 (12.5) |
| Fracture | 135 (43.4) | 133 (42.6) | 131 (41.9) | 399 (42.6) |
| Cancer | 56 (18.0) | 54 (17.3) | 49 (15.7) | 159 (17.0) |
| Other | 172 (55.3) | 183 (58.7) | 171 (54.6) | 526 (56.2) |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never | 132 (42.4) | 150 (48.1) | 126 (40.3) | 408 (43.6) |
| Current | 33 (10.6) | 35 (11.2) | 27 (8.6) | 95 (10.2) |
| Ex-smoker | 146 (47.0) | 127 (40.7) | 160 (51.1) | 433 (46.3) |
| Alcohol intake | ||||
| None | 200 (64.3) | 190 (60.9) | 183 (58.7) | 573 (61.3) |
| <1 drink/day | 82 (26.4) | 95 (30.5) | 100 (32.1) | 277 (29.6) |
| 1–2 drinks/day | 22 (7.1) | 21 (6.7) | 24 (7.7) | 67 (7.2) |
| ≥3 drinks/day | 7 (2.3) | 6 (1.9) | 5 (1.6) | 18 (1.9) |
| Self-rated health | ||||
| Excellent | 15 (4.8) | 13 (4.2) | 19 (6.1) | 47 (5.0) |
| Very good | 55 (17.7) | 44 (14.1) | 48 (15.3) | 147 (15.7) |
| Good | 116 (37.4) | 122 (39.1) | 132 (42.2) | 370 (39.6) |
| Fair | 88 (28.4) | 87 (27.9) | 79 (25.2) | 254 (27.2) |
| Poor | 36 (11.6) | 46 (14.7) | 35 (11.2) | 117 (12.5) |
| Self-reported medication adherence | ||||
| Forget (% never or rarely)* | 233 (75.2) | 245 (79.0) | 267 (85.6) | 745 (79.9) |
| Careless (% never or rarely) | 282 (91.0) | 289 (93.2) | 299 (95.8) | 870 (93.4) |
| Stop if feel better (% never or rarely) | 292 (94.2) | 292 (94.2) | 302 (96.8) | 886 (95.1) |
| Stop if feel worse (% never or rarely) | 278 (89.7) | 278 (89.7) | 286 (91.7) | 842 (90.3) |
| Medication management ability | ||||
| Able (% scoring 5) | 203 (66.3) | 218 (70.1) | 211 (68.5) | 632 (68.3) |
| Some limitation (% 4 or less) | 103 (33.7) | 93 (29.9) | 97 (31.5) | 293 (68.3) |
| Missing | 5 | 1 | 5 | 11 |
| Medication self-efficacy scale | ||||
| Average (standard deviation) | 123.3 (±12.5) | 124.4 (±12.3) | 125.0 (±10.1) | 124.2 (±11.7) |
| Instrumental activities of daily living | ||||
| No limitation | 215 (69.4) | 226 (72.4) | 239 (76.4) | 680 (72.7) |
| Requires help or unable on 1 | 35 (11.3) | 42 (13.5) | 27 (8.6) | 104 (6.0) |
| Requires help or unable on 2 | 22 (7.1) | 13 (4.2) | 21 (6.7) | 56 (6.0) |
| Requires help or unable on 3 or more | 38 (12.2) | 31 (9.9) | 26 (8.3) | 95 (10.1) |
*Variables were significantly different among groups (p < 0.01).