Table 1.
Demographic data and travel associated risk factors analysed
| Totala | Neg-to-Posa,b | Neg-to-Nega,c | p-valued | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Travellers | 170 (100.0) | 118 (69.4) | 52 (30.6) | ||
| Destination | India | 68 (40.0) | 59 (86.8) | 9 (13.2) | <0.001 |
| Bhutan | 14 (8.2) | 11 (78.6) | 3 (21.4) | ||
| Nepal | 39 (22.9) | 31 (79.5) | 8 (20.5) | ||
| Sri Lanka | 49 (28.9) | 17 (34.7) | 32 (65.3) | ||
| Age (yrs, median, IQR) | 41 (30–53) | 41 (30–53) | 40 (29–52) | 0.899 | |
| Sex | Female | 95 (55.9) | 66 (55.9) | 29 (55.8) | 0.984 |
| Male | 75 (44.1) | 52 (44.1) | 23 (44.2) | ||
| Length of stay | < 2 weeks | 34 (20.0) | 21 (61.8) | 13 (38.2) | 0.548 |
| 2-3 weeks | 75 (44.1) | 53 (70.7) | 22 (29.3) | ||
| > 3 weeks | 61 (35.9) | 44 (72.1) | 17 (27.9) | ||
| Weight (kg, median, IQR) | 70 (58–78) | 70 (59–78) | 70 (57–78) | 0.685 | |
| Travel Reason | Tourist | 115 (67.7) | 73 (61.9) | 42 (80.8) | 0.047 |
| Business | 23 (13.5) | 18 (15.3) | 5 (9.6) | ||
| VFR | 32 (18.8) | 27 (22.9) | 5 (9.6) | ||
| Sleeping Place | Hotel | 81 (48.2) | 56 (48.3) | 25 (48.1) | 0.298 |
| Guest House | 62 (36.9) | 40 (34.5) | 22 (42.3) | ||
| Private Household | 17 (10.1) | 15 (12.9) | 2 (3.9) | ||
| Other | 8 (4.8) | 5 (4.3) | 3 (5.7) | ||
| Eating Place | Restaurant | 135 (81.3) | 94 (81.7) | 41 (80.4) | 0.837 |
| Private | 31 (18.7) | 21 (18.3) | 10 (19.6) | ||
| Daily Alcohol | No | 126 (74.1) | 90 (76.3) | 36 (69.2) | 0.334 |
| Yes | 44 (25.9) | 28 (23.7) | 16 (30.8) | ||
| Tap Water Consumption | No | 101 (59.4) | 77 (65.2) | 24 (46.2) | 0.019 |
| Yes | 69 (40.6) | 41 (34.8) | 28 (53.8) | ||
| Dairy Products | No | 21 (12.3) | 11 (9.3) | 10 (19.2) | 0.070 |
| Yes | 149 (87.7) | 107 (90.7) | 42 (80.8) | ||
| Fruits | No | 144 (85.7) | 99 (84.6) | 45 (88.2) | 0.538 |
| Yes | 24 (14.3) | 18 (15.4) | 6 (11.8) | ||
| Salad | No | 70 (41.4) | 53 (45.3) | 17 (32.7) | 0.125 |
| Yes | 99 (58.6) | 64 (54.7) | 35 (67.3) | ||
| Ice Cream and Pastry | No | 78 (45.9) | 48 (40.7) | 30 (57.7) | 0.040 |
| Yes | 92 (54.1) | 70 (59.3) | 22 (42.3) | ||
| Meat | No | 33 (19.4) | 27 (81.8) | 6 (18.2) | 0.085 |
| Yes | 137 (80.6) | 91 (66.4) | 46 (33.6) | ||
| Travellers’ Diarrhoea | No | 106 (62.7) | 70 (59.3) | 36 (70.6) | 0.164 |
| Yes | 63 (37.3) | 48 (40.7) | 15 (29.4) | ||
| PPI | No | 164 (96.5) | 114 (96.6) | 50 (96.1) | 0.882 |
| Yes | 6 (3.5) | 4 (3.4) | 2 (3.9) | ||
Note. IQR, interquartile range; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; VFR, visiting friends and relatives.
aData are presented as numbers and (%) if not otherwise indicated.
bNeg-to-Pos, people non-colonized before the trip and colonized with ESBL-Ent immediately after they return.
cNeg-to-Neg, people non-colonized before and after the trip to South Asia.
dDerived by Pearson’s χ2-test or Student’s t-test/Wilcoxon-Mann–Whitney test.