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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Dec 10.
Published in final edited form as: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013 Feb 26;61(8):837–848. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.10.049

Table 4.

Overall Model for Incremental Risk Factors for Death after Procedure

Risk Factor Common
Isolated AS
AS+CAD
Coefficient ± SE P Coefficient ± SE P Coefficient ± SE P
Early hazard phase
 Isolated AS 3.7 ± 0.89 <.0001
 AS+CAD
  LMT stenosis ≥70% 0.76 ± 0.25 .002
  LAD stenosis ≥70% 0.34 ± 0.16 .03
  RCA stenosis ≥50% 0.404 ± 0.18 .02
  LCx stenosis >0% 0.62 ± 0.27 .02
 Older agea 1.9 ± 0.34 < .0001
 Larger height/weight ratio 0.55 ± 0.19 .004
 NYHA functional class III/IV 0.66 ± 0.13 <.0001
 Heart failure 0.34 ± 0.16 .04
 Aortic valve regurgitation 3+/4+ 0.64 ± 0.27 .02
 Tricuspid valve regurgitation 4+ 1.02 ± 0.38 .007
 Lower LV diastolic volumeb 0.097 ± 0.028 .0004
 Lower ejection fraction 0.061 ± 0.022 .006
 Lower HDLc 0.11 ± 0.034 .002
 Carotid disease (less risk) −0.35 ± 0.15 .02
 COPD 0.51 ± 0.18 .005
 Treated diabetes 0.52 ± 0.17 .002
 Higher creatinined −1.3 ± 0.43 .003 −0.64 ± 0.25 .01
 Higher bilirubin 0.24 ± 0.12 .05
 Lower hematocrite −1.6 ± 0.51 .002 −0.60 ± 0.34 .08
 Smaller AV prosthesis (Z-value) −0.25 ± 0.086 .004
 Earlier date of operationf 1.2 ± 0.38 .001
Late hazard phase
 AS alone −3.2 ± 0.76 <.0001
 AS+CAD
 ITA graft used (less risk) −0.24 ± 0.079 .002
 Older agea 3.7 ± 0.43 <.0001 2.3 ± 0.24 <.0001
 Myocardial infarction 0.24 ± 0.082 .004
 Larger BMIg 0.41 ± 0.11 .0002
 Syncope 0.34 ± 0.14 .02
 Lower ejection fractionh −0.52 ± 0.15 .001
 Larger LA diameteri 0.86 ± 0.35 .01 0.34 ± 0.44 .4
 LV mass indexj 0.73 ± 0.18 <.0001 −0.35 ± 0.202 .09
 Interaction: LA diameter • LV mass index 0.42 ± 0.19 .03
 Interaction: age • LV mass indexl −0.65 ± 0.21 .002
 Insulin-treated diabetes 0.72 ± 0.13 <.0001
 Smoking 0.25 ± 0.065 <.0001
 COPD 0.59 ± 0.16 .0002
 Dialysis 1.4 ± 0.303 <.0001
 Higher BUNm 0.14 ± 0.036 .0002 0.062 ± 0.015 <.0001
 Lower hematocrite −0.60 ± 0.18 .001
 Any atrial fibrillation procedure 0.64 ± 0.20 .001
 ASD/PFO suture closure 0.83 ± 0.26 .002
a

(Age/75)2, squared transformation.

b

(100/LV diastolic volume)2, inverse squared transformation.

c

(50/HDL)2, inverse squared transformation.

d

(1/creatinine), inverse transformation.

e

(Hematocrit/40)2, squared transformation.

f

(1/[interval to date of operation from 1/1/91]), inverse transformation.

g

(BMI/30)2, squared transformation.

h

(Ejection fraction/55), scaled variable.

i

(LA diameter/4.5), scaled variable.

j

(LV mass index/125)2, squared transformation.

k

Interaction: (LA diameter/4.5) • (LV mass index/125)2.

l

Interaction: (age/75)2 • (LV mass index/125)2.

m

(BUN/20)2, squared transformation.

Key: AS, aortic stenosis; ASD/PFO, atrial septal defect/patent foramen ovale; BMI, body mass index; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CAD, coronary artery disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; ITA, internal thoracic artery; LA, left atrial; LAD, left anterior descending coronary artery; LCx, left circumflex coronary artery; LMT, left main trunk; LV, left ventricle; NYHA, New York Heart Association; RCA, right coronary artery; SE, standard error.