Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients with COPD according to suicide and depression status (n=121)
| Variables | Depressed with SI (n=22)* | Depressed – no SI (n=99) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographics | |||
| Age, years | 64.1±8.7 | 65.5±8.4 | 0.47 |
| Sex, women | 13 (59%) | 27 (27%) | 0.004 |
| Education | |||
| High school or less | 16 (73%) | 78 (78%) | 0.54 |
| Some college or more | 6 (27%) | 21 (21%) | |
| Income | |||
| <$20K/year | 14 (64%) | 46 (46%) | 0.15 |
| ≥$20K/year | 8 (36%) | 53 (53%) | |
| Marital status | |||
| Partnered | 8 (36%) | 45 (45%) | 0.44 |
| Unpartnered | 14 (64%) | 54 (54%) | |
| Live with others | 14 (64%) | 67 (68%) | 0.72 |
| Current smoker | 5 (23%) | 32 (32%) | 0.38 |
| Pulmonary disease | |||
| FEV1/FVC | 0.45±0.12 | 0.46±0.13 | 0.80 |
| FEV1% predicted | 46.3±16.6 | 42.5±14.2 | 0.28 |
| Any daily O2 supplementation | 10 (46%) | 40 (40%) | 0.66 |
| % hospitalized for COPD in past year† | 4 (18%) | 19 (19%) | – |
| Number of hospitalizations for COPD in previous year | 0.68±1.7 | 0.24±0.55 | 0.03 |
| Number of comorbidities | 0.8±0.9 | 0.8±1.1 | 0.86 |
| Six-minute walk distance (feet) | 1,022.9±408 | 1,066.3±403 | 0.66 |
| SF-36 Physical Component (0–100↑) | 31.4±8.6 | 31.8±8.5 | 0.83 |
| CRQ-Dyspnea (5–35↑) | 17.7±6.4 | 21.6±6.3 | 0.009 |
| CRQ-Fatigue (4–28↑) | 12.3±4.4 | 13.2±4.0 | 0.34 |
| Psychiatric history/status | |||
| Lifetime history of depression | 18 (82%) | 76 (77%) | 0.61 |
| History of drug abuse† | 2 (9%) | 7 (7%) | – |
| History of PTSD | 8 (36%) | 20 (20%) | 0.10 |
| PHQ-8 (↓0–24) | 12.2±3.6 | 8.9±3.3 | <0.001 |
| PHQ-8 (Physiological Domain)‡ | 6.8±3.0 | 6.0±2.6 | 0.24 |
| PHQ-8 (Psychological Domain)‡ | 6.9±2.1 | 2.9±1.9 | <0.001 |
| Receiving medications or counseling for depression or anxiety, %§ | 18 (82%) | 40 (40%) | <0.001 |
| Symptoms improved with medications or counseling, % | 17 (94%) | 33 (83%) | 0.22 |
| Psychological well-being | |||
| HADS-depression (↓0–21) | 11.0±3.4 | 6.4±3.5 | <0.001 |
| HADS-anxiety (↓0–21) | 9.4±3.0 | 6.7±3.9 | 0.003 |
| SF-36 mental component (0–100↑) | 37.8±6.3 | 43.4±8.9 | 0.005 |
| CRQ-emotional functioning (7–49↑) | 24.1±5.6 | 28.4±7.1 | 0.009 |
| MOS Social Support Scale (0–100↑) | 58.8±29.0 | 61.0±28.0 | 0.73 |
| Engagement in self-care | |||
| CRQ-Mastery (4–28↑) | 15.5±4.5 | 18.4±5.7 | 0.03 |
| Patient Activation Measure (0–40↑) | 21.5±5.3 | 23.6±5.0 | 0.08 |
Notes:
SI assessed by PHQ-9 item: “Being bothered by thoughts that you would be better off dead or of hurting yourself in some way”. Four of the 22 SI patients reported SI at follow-up study visit 1 year after baseline
chi square not done for cells <5 counts
PHQ-9 Physiological Domain includes items #3, 4, 5, 7, and 8 and Psychological Domain includes items #1, 2, and 6
11% of the total sample was on both antidepressants and anxiolytics. Arrows next to instrument score range indicate direction of better scores. The upward arrow shows that “higher scores indicate better health status on the measure”. The downward arrow shows that “lower scores indicate better health status on the measure”.
Abbreviations: $20K, $20,000; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRQ, Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; MOS, Medical Outcomes Study; O2, oxygen; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire; SF-36, Medical Ouctome Study Short-Form-36; SI, suicide ideation; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder.