Table III.

cAMP targets

Molecule	assay	experimental approach	Refs
PKA	Presence in sperm flagella	WB, IF, PKA activity and cAMP measurements	41
	Activation during capacitation	WB	44,47,48,49,50,51
	Dependence on sAC	Loss of function sAC KO	52
	Role in tyrosine phosphorylation	Loss and gain of function experiments with PKA Inhibitors and cAMP permeable analogs	35
	Role in capacitation and sperm motility	Loss of function by pharmacological and genetic knock-out approaches targeting sAC, the PKA catalytic subunit or the anchoring of PKA to AKAPs	35,49,91, 119
CNGs	Presence in sperm	Cloning, electrophisiological characterization, Ca2+ imaging and patch clamp recording	144,145
	Role in chemotaxis	Sperm motility recording, fluorescent dyes, Caged compounds and flash photolysis techniques	142,143
	Increase [Ca2+]i in sperm	Ca2+ imaging	146,147
EPAC	Presence in sperm and involvement in acrosome reaction	Gain of function by EPAC-selective cAMP analogs, acrosome reaction measurements, WB, Immunofluorescence	27,56,151,152
NHE	Presence in sperm and role in internal alkalinization and hyperpolarization	Loss of function by NHE-targeted deletion	31
		Experiments with pHi-sensitive fluorescence probes	21
	Role in sAC expresion during spermiogenesis	Loss of function NHE KO	32

Abbreviations: WB: Western Blot; IF: immunofluorescence