Table 1.
Characteristics of study population, ISA study, Costa Rica, 2010-2011 (n = 380).
| n (%) | |
|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | |
| Age (years) | |
| < 18 | 68 (17.9) |
| 18-24 | 177 (46.6) |
| 25-29 | 65 (17.1) |
| 30-34 | 37 (9.7) |
| ≥ 35 | 33 (8.7) |
| Education | |
| ≤ 6th grade | 194 (51.0) |
| > 6th grade | 186 (49.0) |
| Marital status | |
| Married or living as married | 283 (74.5) |
| Unmarried | 97 (25.5) |
| Country of birth | |
| Costa Rica | 309 (81.3) |
| Other Central American countries | 71 (18.7) |
| Family incomea | |
| Above poverty line | 145 (41.4) |
| Below poverty line | 205 (58.6) |
| Parity | |
| 0 | 136 (35.8) |
| ≥ 1 | 244 (64.2) |
| History of miscarriage | |
| No | 314 (82.6) |
| Yes | 66 (17.4) |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | |
| Underweight (< 18.5) | 12 (3.2) |
| Normal (18.5-24.9) | 186 (49.0) |
| Overweight (25.0-29.9) | 110 (28.9) |
| Obese (≥ 30) | 72 (18.9) |
| Smoking during pregnancy | |
| No | 363 (95.5) |
| Yes | 17 (4.5) |
| Caffeinated tea consumption during pregnancy | |
| No | 301 (79.2) |
| Yes | 79 (20.8) |
| Iron intake during pregnancy | |
| No | 30 (7.9) |
| Yes | 350 (92.1) |
| Gestational hypertensiona | |
| No | 365 (96.3) |
| Yes | 14 (3.4) |
| Gestational diabetes | |
| No | 365 (96.0) |
| Yes | 15 (4.0) |
| Gestational anemia | |
| No | 227 (59.7) |
| Yes | 153 (40.3) |
| Vaginal bleeding during the 1st trimester' | |
| No | 338 (96.0) |
| Yes | 14 (4.0) |
| Work status during pregnancy | |
| Did not work or worked at home | 282 (74.2) |
| Agricultural work | 33 (8.7) |
| Other work (non-agricultural) | 65 (17.1) |
| Infant characteristics | |
| Sex | |
| Male | 193 (50.8) |
| Female | 187 (49.2) |
| Low birth weight | |
| No | 368 (96.8) |
| Yes | 12 (3.2) |
| Preterm birth | |
| No | 356 (93.7) |
| Yes | 24 (6.3) |
Abbreviations: n, number of mother-child pairs; BMI, body mass index.
a
Missing values: family income (m = 30, 7.9%), gestational hypertension (m = 1, 0.3%), and vaginal bleeding during the 1st trimester (m = 28, 7.4%).