Table 2.
Brain activation pertaining to extinction recall in all subjects and broken down separately in PTSD patients and combat controls (CS+ vs CS− in each case)
| Area | Side | Coordinates (mm) | K (voxels) | Z-score | p-FWE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Extinction recall: CS+E vs CS− across all participants | |||||
| Amygdala* | L | 24, −15, −6 | 4 | 2.83 | 0.142 |
| Amygdala* | R | −30, −6, −15 | 29 | 3.20 | 0.043 |
| Hippocampus* | L | −12, −33, −9 | 41 | 3.42 | 0.129 |
| Hippocampus* | R | 21, −33, 0 | 11 | 3.27 | 0.253 |
| Insula* | L | −33, 15, −12 | 125 | 4.30 | 0.006 |
| Insula* | R | 33, 18, −15 | 94 | 3.71 | 0.013 |
| vmPFC | −3, 45, 12 | 65 | 3.26 | 0.065 | |
| Medial frontal gyrus | R | 3, 42, 36 | 226 | 4.65 | <0.001 |
| Anterior cingulate | R | 15, 33, 18 | 3.89 | ||
| Inferior frontal gyrus/anterior Insula | L | −33, −84, −27 | 59 | 4.50 | 0.05 |
| Lingual gyrus/occipital lobe | L | −6, −87, −3 | 273 | 4.18 | <0.001 |
| Inferior frontal gyrus | R | 57, 21, 6 | 59 | 4.16 | 0.05 |
| Caudate | R | 24, 18, 18 | 62 | 4.12 | 0.044 |
| Claustrum/putamen | R | 33, 3, 3 | 68 | 4.08 | 0.032 |
| Inferior frontal gyrus/anterior insula | R | 33, 18, −15 | 3.90 | ||
| Superior temporal gyrus | L | −51, 0, 3 | 63 | 3.97 | 0.042 |
| Brainstem | R | 9, −30, −15 | 63 | 3.78 | 0.042 |
| Caudate | R | 9, 3, 9 | 75 | 3.74 | 0.022 |
| Extinction recall: CS+E vs CS− in PTSD patients only | |||||
| Amygdala* | L | −36, −12, −21 | 36 | 3.20 | 0.028 |
| Amygdala* | R | 24, 0, −18 | 49 | 3.84 | 0.018 |
| Hippocampus* | L | −12, −33, −9 | 29 | 3.52 | 0.108 |
| Hippocampus* | R | 15, −36, 9 | 84 | 3.90 | 0.017 |
| Insula* | L | −36, −12, −3 | 313 | 4.08 | <0.001 |
| Insula* | R | 33, −18, −3 | 296 | 4.49 | <0.001 |
| vmPFC* | −9, 45, 6 | 169 | 4.52 | 0.003 | |
| Occipital lobe | R | 18, −72, −12 | 2753 | 5.12 | <0.001 |
| Thalamus | R | 12, −3, 12 | 4.69 | ||
| Putamen | R | 33, 3, −3 | 4.66 | ||
| Prefrontal cortex | R | 0, 36, 39 | 687 | 4.76 | 0.001 |
| mPFC/ACC | L | −9, 45, 6 | 4.51 | ||
| Middle cingulate cortex | R | 3, 15, 42 | 4.17 | ||
| Precentral and postcentral gyrus | R | 42, −21, 39 | 267 | 4.54 | 0.001 |
| Superior parietal | R | 63, −33, 39 | 4.30 | ||
| Parietal lobe | L | −63, −39, 36 | 395 | 4.52 | 0.001 |
| Precentral gyrus | R | 36, −9, 60 | 3.55 | ||
| Temporal lobe/superior temporal gyrus | L | −51, 0, 3 | 195 | 3.92 | 0.001 |
| IFG | L | −45, 27, −15 | 3.86 | ||
| Extinction recall: CS+E vs CS− in combat controls only | |||||
| Amygdala* | L | 0 | |||
| Amygdala* | R | 0 | |||
| Hippocampus* | L | 0 | |||
| Hippocampus* | R | 0 | |||
| Insula* | L | −45, 9, 9 | 4 | 3.28 | 0.271 |
| Insula* | R | 30, −18, 21 | 3 | 3.09 | 0.277 |
| vmPFC | −3, 42, 9 | 30 | 3.11 | 0.182 | |
| Middle frontal gyrus | L | −54, 9, 48 | 131 | 4.20 | 0.029 |
| mPFC | 0, 54, 12 | 145 | 3.79 | 0.018 | |
| ACC | L | −9, 27, 33 | 233 | 3.52 | 0.001 |
| ACC | R | 6, 24, 30 | 3.14 | ||
The reverse contrast of CS− versus CS+ was not significant, either collapsed across subjects or performed separately in PTSD patients and combat controls. All activation FWE p < 0.05, bold denotes peak global maxima within a cluster.
*Indicates SVC.