Table 4.
Brain activity pertaining to fear renewal in combat control subjects
| Area | Side | Coordinates (mm) | K (voxels) | Z-score | p-FWE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fear renewal: CS+E vs CS− in combat control participants | |||||
| Amygdala* | L | 0 | |||
| Amygdala* | R | 0 | |||
| Hippocampus* | L | 0 | |||
| Hippocampus* | R | 0 | |||
| Insula* | L | −39, 12, −3 | 229 | 4.09 | 0.003 |
| Insula* | R | 39, 3, −3 | 220 | 3.95 | 0.003 |
| vmPFC* | R | 0 | |||
| Parietal lobe | L | −63, −54, 27 | 183 | 4.17 | 0.033 |
| Parietal lobe | R | 63, −51, 27 | 197 | 3.67 | 0.023 |
| Fear renewal: response to renewed CS+ in combat controls relative to PTSD patients | |||||
| Amygdala* | L | −21, −6, −25 | 29 | 3.56 | 0.038 |
| Amygdala* | R | 24, 0, −27 | 15 | 3.25 | 0.057 |
| Hippocampus* | L | −21, 3, −27 | 10 | 3.09 | 0.166 |
| Hippocampus* | R | 18, 6, −27 | 30 | 3.19 | 0.098 |
| Insula* | L | −30, 12, −18 | 14 | 3.22 | 0.153 |
| Insula* | R | 0 | |||
| vmPFC* | R | −9, 51, −15 | 26 | 3.48 | 0.017 |
| Parietal lobe/precuneus | 0, −60, 45 | 394 | 3.71 | 0.022 | |
| Occipital lobe/cuneus | R | 6, −84, 33 | 3.63 | ||
| Fear renewal: response to CS− in combat controls relative to PTSD patients | |||||
| Amygdala* | L | 0 | |||
| Amygdala* | 0 | ||||
| Hippocampus* | L | −24, −24, −9 | 57 | 3.60 | 0.013 |
| Hippocampus* | R | 24, −18, −27 | 24 | 2.87 | 0.170 |
| Insula* | L | 0 | |||
| Insula* | R | 0 | |||
| vmPFC* | 0 | ||||
| Cerebellum | L | −27, −54, −27 | 307 | 3.50 | 0.022 |
| Occipital lobe/fusiform gyrus | −27, −63, −15 | 3.30 | |||
No effects of renewal (CS+ vs CS−) were found in PTSD patients, or when analyzing across all participants. Combat controls displayed enhanced activity in the vmPFC and amygdala to the CS+ and hippocampal activation to the CS−, relative to PTSD patients. In contrast, PTSD patients did not display any significant activation to CS+ or CS− relative to Combat Controls, signaling a reduced capacity for context to induce a renewal response. All activation FWE p < 0.05, bold denotes peak global maxima within a cluster.
*Indicates SVC.