Table 2.
Least square means and standard errors for all outcome measures
| Control (N=342) | Experimental (N=326) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Post | 3-month | 6-month | Baseline | Post | 3-month | 6-month | |
| BPI | ||||||||
| Worst | 6.89 (0.11) | 6.70 (0.12) | 6.40 (0.14) | 6.47 (0.14) | 6.86 (0.11) | 6.37 (0.12) | 6.20 (0.14) | 6.08 (0.14) |
| Least | 3.75 (0.12) | 3.63 (0.12) | 3.51 (0.13) | 3.67 (0.13) | 3.63 (0.12) | 3.49 (0.13) | 3.40 (0.14) | 3.19 (0.13) |
| Current | 5.48 (0.12) | 5.31 (0.12) Δa | 5.07 (0.13) | 5.03 (0.13) Δc | 5.46 (0.12) | 4.95 (0.13) Δa | 4.82 (0.13) | 4.64 (0.14) Δc |
| Average | 5.39 (0.12) | 5.09 (0.12) | 4.86 (0.14) | 5.04 (0.14) Δc | 5.24 (0.12) | 4.73 (0.13) | 4.61 (0.15) | 4.41 (0.14) Δc |
| Pain Severity | 5.38 (0.09) | 5.18 (0.10) | 4.96 (0.11) | 5.06 (0.11) Δc | 5.29 (0.10) | 4.89 (0.10) | 4.76 (0.12) | 4.58 (0.12) Δc |
| Interference | 5.71 (0.13) | 5.17 (0.14) | 4.94 (0.15) | 4.83 (0.15) | 5.48 (0.13) | 4.69 (0.14) | 4.59 (0.15) | 4.49 (0.15) |
| DASS | ||||||||
| Anxiety | 8.81 (0.43) | 8.55 (0.46) | 7.98 (0.41) Δb | 8.46 (0.45) Δc | 9.46 (0.44) | 8.31 (0.48) | 7.42 (0.43) Δb | 7.54 (0.47) Δc |
| Depression | 11.79 (0.64) | 11.13 (0.64) | 10.80 (0.65) Δb | 11.30 (0.65) Δc | 12.85 (0.65) | 11.10 (0.66) | 10.20 (0.67) Δb | 9.39 (0.67) Δc |
| Stress | 14.43 (0.47) | 14.26 (0.49) Δa | 13.74 (0.50) Δb | 14.38 (0.52) Δc | 15.02 (0.48) | 13.46 (0.51) Δa | 12.17 (0.52) Δb | 12.31 (0.54) Δc |
| CPCI | ||||||||
| Assistance | 2.82 (0.14) | 2.85 (0.13) | 2.80 (0.14) | 2.92 (0.14) | 2.96 (0.14) | 2.94 (0.14) | 3.02 (0.14) | 3.11 (0.15) |
| Coping | 4.00 (0.11) | 4.10 (0.11) Δa | 3.98 (0.11) Δb | 4.06 (0.12) Δc | 3.92 (0.11) | 4.33 (0.11) Δa | 4.41 (0.12) Δb | 4.36 (0.12) Δc |
| Exercise | 2.62 (0.35) | 2.93 (0.35) | 2.94 (0.35) | 2.99 (0.36) | 2.49 (0.35) | 2.94 (0.36) | 3.04 (0.36) | 3.11 (0.36) |
| Persistence | 3.80 (0.11) | 3.95 (0.11) | 3.93 (0.11) | 4.03 (0.12) | 3.85 (0.11) | 4.01 (0.12) | 4.13 (0.12) | 4.11 (0.12) |
| Resting | 3.87 (0.11) | 3.86 (0.11) | 3.70 (0.12) | 3.75 (0.12) | 4.02 (0.11) | 3.84 (0.11) | 3.97 (0.12) | 3.99 (0.12) |
| Relaxation | 2.37 (0.10) | 2.65 (0.10) | 2.54 (0.10) Δb | 2.59 (0.11) Δc | 2.31 (0.10) | 2.82 (0.11) | 2.99 (0.11) Δb | 2.98 (0.11) Δc |
| Social | 2.83 (0.11) | 2.97 (0.11) | 2.74 (0.11) Δb | 2.91 (0.12) Δc | 2.83 (0.11) | 3.25 (0.11) | 3.18 (0.12) Δb | 3.27 (0.12) Δc |
| Guarding | 3.57 (0.10) | 3.38 (0.09) | 3.41 (0.10) | 3.41 (0.11) | 3.67 (0.10) | 3.36 (0.10) | 3.36 (0.11) | 3.35 (0.11) |
| PGIC | 3.57 (0.98) a | 3.37 (1.06)b | 3.33 (1.15)c | 3.19 (0.89)a | 3.01 (1.07)b | 2.79 (1.00)c | ||
BPI = Brief Pain Inventory; CPCI = Chronic Pain Coping Inventory; DASS = Depression Anxiety Stress Scale; PGIC = Patients Global Impression of Change.
Pairwise post hoc contrasts between experimental and control groups at each time point for PGIC and for the mean change in differences for all other outcomes.
abc
Unique superscripts indicate significant pairwise post hoc tests (p < 0.05);
Δ
change for condition-BY-time compared to baseline.