Table 1.
Patient Characteristics
| IV (N=26) | SQ (N=39) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 61.3 (9.6) | 63.1 (12) | 0.52 |
| Female | 8 (31%) | 13 (33%) | >0.99 |
| Caucasian | 19 (73%) | 29 (74%) | >0.99 |
| Duration of DM (years) | 14.5 (10–20) | 11 (9–20) | 0.50 |
| Preserved Ejection Fraction | 6 (23%) | 11 (28%) | 0.78 |
| Ejection Fraction* | 0.36 (0.15) | 0.35 (0.18) | 0.82 |
| Hypertension | 22 (85%) | 35 (90%) | 0.70 |
| Coronary Artery Disease | 16 (62%) | 25 (64%) | >0.99 |
| Cebrovascular Accident | 4 (15%) | 5 (13%) | >0.99 |
| Retinopathy | 6 (23%) | 3 (7.7%) | 0.14 |
| Neuropathy | 14 (54%) | 13 (33%) | 0.13 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 13 (50%) | 21 (54%) | 0.80 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.71 (0.77) | 1.55 (0.51) | 0.37 |
| Atrial Fibrillation | 7 (27%) | 15 (38%) | 0.78 |
| ICD/Pacer | 13 (50%) | 21 (54%) | 0.80 |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 39.4 (9.99) | 38.8 (8.84 | 0.81 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.43 (1.97) | 7.70 (1.39) | 0.11 |
| Admission Glucose (mmol/l) | 10.4 (3.0) | 9.7 (3.4) | 0.42 |
| Insulin at admission | 24 (92%) | 33 (85%) | 0.46 |
| ACE Inhibitor/ARB | 13 (50%) | 26 (67%) | 0.21 |
| Aspirin | 21 (81%) | 33 (85%) | 0.74 |
| Beta Blocker | 22 (91.7%) | 34 (89.5%) | >0.99 |
| Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | 6 (23%) | 19 (49%) | 0.04 |
| Statin | 23 (88%) | 31 (79.0%) | 0.50 |
| Nesiritide | 5 (19%) | 6 (15%) | 0.74 |
| Milrinone | 1 (3.9%) | 5 (13.8%) | 0.39 |
| Dobutamine | 2 (7.7%) | 6 (15.4%) | 0.46 |
| Total daily insulin (units) | |||
| Day 1 | 24.5 (15–43) | 35 (18–58) | 0.14 |
| Day 2 | 37.5 (16–58) | 38 (24–72) | 0.51 |
| Day 3 | 59 (45–91) | 35 (25–98) | 0.002 |
Dichotomous values are reported as number (%). Continuous variables are reported as mean (standard deviation), except duration of diabetes and insulin dose, which were reported as median (interquartile range). Ejection fraction (EF) was determined by echocardiogram within 3 months where available. In the IV group, all EFs were determined by echocardiogram, whereas in the SQ group, EF was determined by myocardial perfusion scan in 2 subjects and MRI in 1 subject. EF was available within 1 month in 85 and 88% of subjects in the IV and SQ groups respectively. ICD=implantable cardioverter defibrillator, ACE=angiotensin converting enzyme, ARB=angiotensin receptor blocker.