Table 2.
Outcome data from the included studies: weight or BMI, body fat (BF) % or fat mass (FM), summary of weight or BMI and body fat measures, and attrition.
| Study (reference number) | Baseline average weight (kg) ± SD and/or BMI (kg/m2) ± SD (range) | Baseline average % fat and/or fat mass (kg) ± SD (range) | Follow-up average weight (kg) ± SD and/or BMI (kg/m2) ± SD (range) | Follow-up average % fat and/or fat mass (kg) ± SD (range) | Average weight (kg) ± SD and/or BMI (kg/m2) change ± SD (range) | Average % fat or fat mass (kg) change ± SD (range or CI) | Summary/agreement of measures | Attrition (if reported) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [27] | Weight: 83.6 ± 8.6 BMI: 31.4 ± 3.7 |
% BF: 46.9 ± 3.6 FM: 39.3 ± 6.1 |
Not reported | % BF: 41.9 ± 4.3 | Weight loss: −8.3 ± 3.1 |
% BF: −5.0 ± 3.9 FM: −7.4 ± 3.7 |
Weight and fat measures decreased significantly. Weight loss mostly accounted for by FM. | |
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| [28] | Weight: 79.8 ± 11.8 BMI: 29.1 ± 4.8 |
% BF: 39.3 ± 7.5 | Weight: 62.5 ± 8.3 BMI: ±24 ± 3.5 |
% BF: 29.3 ± 7.0 | Weight loss: −17.3 (CI: 15.7–18.9) (=−22%) BMI: −5.1 (CI: −3.8–−6.4) (=−17.5%) |
% BF: −10.0 (CI: 9–11) | All weight or BMI and fat measures decreased significantly. | |
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| [29] | Weight: 87.2 ± 12.6 BMI: 29.3 ± 1.6 |
% BF: 35.5 ± 6.0 | Not reported | Not reported | Weight loss: −6.1 ± 0.6 (=−7.1%) |
FM: −5.9 ± 0.6 | Weight and fat measures decreased significantly. Weight loss mostly accounted for by FM. | 20% |
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| [30] | Weight: 96.4 ± 16.0 BMI: 36.4 ± 5.5 |
% BF: 46.2 ± 5.6 FM: 45.8 ± 12.3 |
Weight: 88.6 ± 15.7 BMI: 33.6 ± 5.3 |
% BF: 44.5 ± 6.1 FM: 39.6 ± 11.8 |
Weight loss: −7.8 ± 15.9 BMI: −2.8 ± 5.4 |
% BF: −2.4 ± 5.8 FM: −3.6 ± 12.0 |
Weight or BMI and fat measures decreased significantly. | 25% |
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| [31] | Weight: 76.9 ± 6.6 BMI: 28.5 ± 1.5 |
% BF: ±44.1 ± 3.8 FM: 34.1 ± 5.0 |
Weight: 64.3 ± 6.1 BMI: 23.8 ± 1.1 |
% BF: 33.9 ± 4.5 FM: 22.0 ± 4.6 |
Weight loss: −12.5 ± 2.2 BMI: −4.7 ± 1.3 |
% BF: −10.2 ± 4.1 FM: −12.1 ± 4.8 |
Weight or BMI and fat measures decreased significantly. Weight loss mostly accounted for by FM. | |
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| [32] | Weight: 103.5 ± 14.4 BMI: 36.1 ± 3.5 |
FM: 40.4 ± 7.8 | Not reported | Not reported | Weight loss: −7.4 (CI: −9.1–−5.6) |
FM: −3.8 (−5.0–−2.6) | Weight and fat measures decreased (not noted whether differences were significant). | 32% |
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| [33] (aerobic treatment arm) | Weight: 96.0 ± 23.0 | FM: 38.4 ± 12.5 | Weight: 86.4 ± 19.8 | FM: 31.2 ± 11.0 | Weight loss: −9.6 ± 4.5 |
FM: −7.2 ± 3.0 | Weight or BMI and fat measures decreased significantly. Weight loss mostly accounted for by FM. | |
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| [34] | Weight: 104.5 ± 5.5 BMI: 39.5 ± 7.0 |
FM: 44.0 ± 2.5 | Weight: 97.0 ± 3.5 | FM: 36.0 ± 2.0 | Weight loss: −7.5 ± 4.5 | FM: −8.0 ± 2.2 (=−17.2%) | Weight or BMI and fat measures decreased significantly. Weight loss mostly accounted for by FM. | |
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| [35] | Weight: 87.7 ± 22.6 BMI: 32.2 ± 7.8 |
% BF: 38.4 ± 6.0 | Weight: 74.8 ± 21.4 | % BF: 30.3 ± 7.1 | Weight loss: −8.2 ± 0.7 |
% BF: −8.1 ± 6.5 | Weight and fat measures decreased significantly. Weight loss mostly accounted for by FM (91% loss was fat). | 28% |
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| [36] | Weight: 81.9 ± 10.5 BMI: 27.5 ± 1.6 |
% BF: 32.6 ± 7.6 | Not reported | Not reported | Weight loss: −8.0 ± 2.0 (=−10.0%) | % BF: −25% change in % BF ± 3 | Weight and fat measures decreased significantly. | 4% |
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| [37] | Weight: 100.2 | % BF: 45.0% | Weight: 92.6 | % BF: 41.8 | Weight loss: −7.6 |
% BF: −3.2 | Weight and fat measures decreased significantly. Diet and PA group lost significantly more fat and significantly less fat-free mass than non-PA subjects. | |
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| [38] | BMI: 30.5 ± 3 | % BF: 43.9 ± 1.1 | Not reported | % BF: 38.5 ± 1.3 | Weight loss: −8.6 ± 0.9 |
% BF: −4.5% FM: −7.0 ± 0.6 |
Diet + PA group lost significantly more weight than non-PA group; diet + PA group had significantly greater decrease in % BF than non-PA group. PA: 86% of weight loss from fat versus 73% f/non-PA group | 20% |
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| [39] | Weight: 85.2 kg ± 2.1 BMI: 31.6 ± 0.6 |
% BF: 40.2 ± 0.7 FM: 34.5 ± 1.3 |
Not reported | Not reported | Weight loss: −4.3 ± 0.7 BMI decrease: −1.8 ± 0.3 |
% BF: −1.3 ± 0.2 FM: −1.7 ± 0.5 |
Weight or BMI and fat measures decreased significantly. Fat loss more significant than weight loss. | 10% at halfway point of study |
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| [40] | Weight: 90.4 ± 2.9 BMI: 32.4 ± 1.3 |
% BF: 41.6 ± 1.5 FM: 38.0 ± 2.9 |
Not reported | Not reported | Weight loss: −9.1 ± 1.1 |
FM: −7.8 ± 0.82 | Weight and fat measures decreased significantly. Weight loss mostly accounted for by FM: percentage of weight lost as fat significantly different for diet + PA group (88.6 ± 5.1%), versus diet only group (77.1 ± 4.0%). | |
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| [41] | Weight: 95.7 ± 16.6 BMI: 35.3 ± 5.7 |
FM: 39.3 ± 10 | Not reported | Not reported | Weight loss: −5.4 (−7.0–3.0) |
% BF: −1.9% (−2.6–−1.3) FM: −3.3 (−4.0–−2.0) |
Weight and fat measures decreased significantly. | 33% |
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| [42] | Weight: 94.3 kg ± 16.0 BMI: 35.7 ± 6.0 |
% BF: 45.1 ± 4.2 FM: 40.0 ± 9.7 |
Weight: 90.1 ± 15.6 | % BF: 43.2 ± 4.7 FM: 36.6 ± 9.2 |
Weight loss: −4.2 ± 15.8 |
% BF: −1.9 ± 4.5 FM: −3.4 ± 9.5 |
Weight and fat measures decreased significantly. Weight loss mostly accounted for by FM. | 35% |
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| [43] | Weight: 96.5 ± 20.2 BMI: 35.3 ± 6.5 |
% BF: 41.9 ± 9.4 FM: 40.3 ± 12.8 |
Weight: 93.3 ± 21.2 BMI: 34.2 ± 6.6 |
% BF: 41.2 ± 8.9 FM: 38.6 ± 12.6 |
Weight loss: −2.9 ± 20.7 BMI: −1.1 ± 6.5 |
% BF: −0.7 ± 9.2 FM: −0.9 ± 12.7 (=−2.3%) |
Weight decreased significantly; body FM was “borderline significant” (P = 0.053). BMI and % BF declined more in intervention group than control, no significant differences between groups. | |
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| [44] (diet + aerobic ex.) | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Weight loss: −6.8 |
% BF: −8.0 | Weight and fat measures decreased significantly. | |
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| [44] (diet + aerobic + strength) | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Weight loss: −7.0 |
% BF: −4.3 | Results same as above. Weight loss through diet was not altered by aerobic or aerobic + strength training, but diet + PA increased muscle during weight loss. | |
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| [45] | Weight: 89.2 ± 12.0 BMI: 33.1 ± 4.0 |
% BF: 44.1 ± 4.0 FM: 36.8 ± 8.0 |
Weight: 86.1 ± 11.0 BMI: 32.0 ± 4.0 |
% BF: 43.1 ± 5.0 FM: 34.5 ± 7.0 |
Weight loss: −3.1 ± 11.5 BMI: −1.1 ± 4.0 |
% BF: −1.0 ± 4.5 FM: −2.3 ± 7.5 |
Weight or BMI and fat measures decreased significantly. Weight loss mostly accounted for by FM. | |
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| [46] | Weight: 82.9 ± 3.6 BMI: 30.8 ± 1.5 |
FM: 38.6 ± 2.9 | Weight: 74.7 ± 3.3 | FM: 31.4 ± 2.6 | Weight loss: −8.2 ± 3.4 |
FM: −7.2 ± 0.7 | Weight or BMI and fat measures decreased significantly. Weight loss mostly accounted for by FM. More fat loss associated with high protein diet + PA | |
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| [47] | Weight: 106.0 ± 25.6 | % BF: 44.4 ± 5.6 FM: 47.6 ± 15.2 |
Weight: 90.7 ± 21.6 | % BF: 35.3 ± 7.3 FM: 32.7 ± 12.7 |
Weight loss: −15.3 ± 1.1 |
% BF: −9.1 ± 0.5 FM: −14.9 ± 0.8 |
Weight and fat measures decreased significantly. Weight loss mostly accounted for by FM. | |
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| [48] | Weight: 88.8 ± 3.3 BMI: 31.8 ± 0.7 |
% BF: 45.1 ± 1.3 FM: 40.2 ± 2.1 |
Weight: 81.7 ± 2.9 BMI: 28.0 ± 1.5 |
% BF: 39.7 ± 1.6 FM: 32.6 ± 1.9 |
Weight loss: −7.1 ± 3.1 (=−8%) BMI: −3.8 ± 1.1 (=−12%) |
% BF: −5.4 ± 1.4 FM: −7.6 ± 2.0 |
Weight and fat measures decreased significantly. Weight loss mostly accounted for by FM. Diet + PA group lost more fat than PA only group. | 48.8% in diet + PA group |
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| [49] | Weight: 86.5 ± 12.0 BMI: 32.5 ± 5.0 |
FM: 42.0 ± 1.1 | Not reported | FM: 36.8 ± 1.1 | Weight loss: −7.6 ± 0.4 |
FM: −5.1 ± 0.5 | Weight and fat measures decreased significantly. Weight loss mostly accounted for by FM. | 16% |
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| [50] | Weight: 92.1 ± 8.8 | % BF: 44.0 ± 3.2 | Not reported | Not reported | Weight loss: −10.5 ± 3.3 |
FM: −8.8 ± 2.1 | Weight and fat measures decreased significantly. Weight loss mostly accounted for by FM. | 25% |
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| [51] | Weight: 78.1 ± 10.3 | FM: 31.9 ± 6.2 | Not reported | Not reported | Weight loss: −10.3 ± 3.0 |
FM: −9.6 ± 2.7 | Weight and fat measures decreased significantly. Weight loss mostly accounted for by FM. Diet + PA group lost no lean tissue mass. | 2.5% |
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| [52] | Weight: 101.9 ± 11.2 BMI: 32.6 ± 2.5 |
% BF: 33.5 ± 4.2 FM: 34.2 ± 6.1 |
Weight: 86.7 ± 9.3 BMI: 27.8 ± 2.5 |
% BF: 25.0 ± 5.0 FM: 21.7 ± 5.2 |
Weight loss: −15.2 ± 6.3 BMI: −4.8 ± 2.5 |
% BF: −8.5 ± 4.7 FM: −12.5 ± 5.6 |
Weight or BMI and fat measures decreased significantly. Weight loss mostly accounted for by FM. | |
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| [53] | Weight: 94.5 ± 11.7 BMI: 33.1 ± 3.4 |
Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Weight loss: −6.6 ± 6.4 BMI: −2.3 ± 2.1 |
% BF: −4.0 ± 4.1 | Weight or BMI and fat measures decreased significantly. | 23% |
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| [54] | Weight: 95.7 ± 18.0 BMI: 33.9 ± 5.3 |
Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Weight loss: −6.5 (CI: −4.6–−8.4) |
% BF: −2.8 (CI: −1.9–−3.9) FM: −4.8 (CI:−3.2–−6.3) |
Weight or BMI and fat measures decreased significantly. Weight loss mostly accounted for by FM. | 24–43% (different groups) |
Note: outcome data are presented for the longest follow-up time available. CI: 95% confidence interval. When body weight or BMI and/or body composition outcome measures were not reported, the data were not imputed as long as the change measures were intact and reported; in those cases “not reported” is presented. Significance indicates differences compared to baseline values and to diet only/control group(s) when indicated.