Table 3. Bangor k and Cowan’s k Estimates of Visual WM Capacity in Experiments 1–4.

	Bangor k		Cowan’s kavge
	Unfamiliar	Famous	Unfamiliar	Famous
Experiment 1 Upright faces, 2-digit subvocal	2.40 (±0.11)	2.66 (±0.10)	2.46 (±0.12)	2.77 (±0.14)
Experiment 2 Upright faces, 2-digit vocal	2.07 (±0.17)	2.96 (±0.19)	2.25 (±0.18)	2.63 (±0.20)
Experiment 2 Upright faces, 5-digit vocal	1.98 (±0.30)	2.46 (±0.27)	2.57 (±0.21)	2.61 (±0.17)
Experiment 2 Upright faces, verbal loads combined	2.03 (±0.24)	2.71 (±0.23)	2.41 (±0.20)	2.62 (±0.19)
Experiment 3 Inverted faces, 2-digit subvocal	2.05 (±0.13)	2.09 (±0.13)	1.76 (±0.09)	2.02 (±0.08)
Experiment 4 Inverted faces, 5-digit vocal	1.84 (±0.25)	1.95 (±0.24)	2.16 (±0.18)	2.27 (±0.22)

Note. Experiment 1: upright faces, 2-digit subvocal concurrent verbal WM load; Experiment 2: upright faces, 2-digit, 5-digit, and combined-digit vocalised concurrent verbal WM load; Experiment 3: inverted faces, 2-digit subvocal concurrent verbal WM load; Experiment 4: inverted faces, 5-digit vocalised concurrent verbal WM load. Bangor k is a new estimate we devised to measure visual WM capacity that improves on aspects of previous measures. The formula for Bangor k is k = 10^ ((y–b)/m)], where b and m are the intercept and slope respectively of the d′ values from loads 2–6 (load was log transformed), and y is a d′ criterion threshold. Cowan’s k was calculated at all loads for each participant, using the formula k = load * (hits-false alarms); we then used the average k value (k_avge) to calculate the group capacity estimate. Parenthetical values give the standard error.