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. 2014 Nov 21;46(11):e122. doi: 10.1038/emm.2014.72

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Copyright © 2014 KSBMB.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/

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Schematic illustration showing the interaction of specific cytokines and their receptors, which are expressed in AML and solid tumors. Postnatally, blood vessels express VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 and the lymphatic endothelium expresses VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3 and Neuropilin-2. On the basis of receptor binding, their signaling causes phosphorylation in specific vessels in tumors. Thus, VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGF-D and ANG-2 are important cytokines that promote lymphangiogenesis in solid tumors. In addition, these four (lymph)angiogenic cytokines are abundantly expressed in the BM in AML, indicating their relevance in AML. Solid arrows and dotted arrows indicate solid tumors and AML, respectively.