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. 2014 Nov 21;46(11):e122. doi: 10.1038/emm.2014.72

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Copyright © 2014 KSBMB.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/

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Schematic illustration showing the dynamic BM niche in AML. Abundant expression of lymphangiogenic cytokines, including VEGF-C, VEGF-A, OPN and their receptors, VEGFR-3 and VEGFR-2, are found in BM cells. Under high levels of (lymph)angiogenic cytokines, hematopoietic cells including leukemic stem cells and immune cells are affected, resulting in the dysfunction of immune cells and protection of leukemic stem cells. Abbreviations: OPN, Osteopontin; HIF-1, Hypoxia inducible factor-1; SECs, Sinusoidal endothelial cells; VEGFR-3, Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3; VEGFR-2, Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2; VEGF-C, Vascular endothelial growth factor-C; VEGF-A, Vascular endothelial growth factor-A; FGF, Fibroblast growth factor; NK cells, Natural killer cells; GM-CSF, Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor.