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. 2014 Dec 5;9:279. doi: 10.1186/s13014-014-0279-2

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© Ammazzalorso et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Examples of setup error effects on dose distributions. For an example patient, (a) carbon ion and (b) proton dose distributions of two planning approaches (mcLR and mcROB) as planned (0,0,0) and re-computed in presence of positioning errors of 1 mm (0,+,-) and 2 mm (0,0,-). In the shifts + and - indicate the direction of (equal) non-zero components. Abbreviations: LR – lateral-opposed beam setup, ROB – robust beam setup, mc – multiple-field modulation.