Table 1.
Studies Analyzed for Meta-Analytic Hypotheses
| Study | Mean Age (SD) | Percent Caucasian/Male | Sample Size (Type) | Comparison | Weighted r | Weighted Averaged r |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adams et al. (2012a) | 20 (1.69) | 83/0 | 112(NC)1 | OV-CIGS | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| Adams et al. (2012b) | 35 (10) | 63.7/59.7 | 125(OC)1 | NJ-CIG | −0.42 | −0.42 |
| Adams et al. (2013a) | 20.03 (1.77) | 87.5/0 | 64(NC)1 | OV-CIGS | 0.04 | 0.00 |
| NJ-CIGS | −0.09 | |||||
| NR-CIGS | 0.05 | |||||
| Adams et al. (2013b) | 42.44 (9.74) | 0/49.1 | 399(OC)1,2 | OV-ALC | −0.26 | −0.22 |
| −0.22 | ||||||
| −0.29 | ||||||
| OV-CIGS | −0.10 | |||||
| Black et al. (2011) | 24.5 (3.20) | 71/50 | 28(NC)1 | OV-ALC | −0.30 | −0.18 |
| −0.13 | ||||||
| OV-CIG | −0.16 | |||||
| OV-MJ | −0.13 | |||||
| OV-SUB | −0.16 | |||||
| Black et al. (2012) | 16.2 (0.7) | 0/51.1 | 5287(NC)1 | OV-CIG | −0.14 | −0.14 |
| Bodenlos et al. (2013) | 19.7 (1.3) | 85/32 | 310(NC)2 | OBS-ALC | −0.05 | −0.12 |
| DES-ALC | −0.12 | |||||
| AW-ALC | −0.27 | |||||
| NJ-ALC | −0.11 | |||||
| NR-ALC | −0.06 | |||||
| Bonn-Miller et al. (2010) | 21.57 (6.32) | 98/52.6 | 97(NC)1 | OBS-MJ | 0.09 | 0.05 |
| DES-MJ | 0.10 | |||||
| AW-MJ | 0 | |||||
| NJ-MJ | 0.02 | |||||
| Bowen & Enkema (2014) | 38.44 (10.92) | 51.60/61.50 | 281(OC)2 | OBS-SUB | 0.03 | −0.23 |
| DES-SUB | −0.15 | |||||
| AW-SUB | −0.32 | |||||
| NJ-SUB | −0.25 | |||||
| NR-SUB | 0.01 | |||||
| Bramm et al. (2013) | 19 (1.23) | 58/52 | 496(NC)1,2 | OV-ALC | −0.11 | −0.19 |
| −0.28 | ||||||
| Brooks et al. (2012) | MISS | MISS/54.5 | 77(OC)1 | OV-ALC | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| Christopher et al. (2012) | 24 (8) | 76.6/32.8 | 125(NC)1,2 | OV-ALC | −0.04 | −0.17 |
| −0.31 | ||||||
| Eisenlohr-Mouhl et al. (2012) | 18.47 (0.91) | 77.4/45.3 | 296(NC)1 | OBS-ALC | 0.10 | −0.03 |
| −0.09 | ||||||
| 0.02 | ||||||
| 0.03 | ||||||
| DES-ALC | 0.11 | |||||
| 0.03 | ||||||
| 0.03 | ||||||
| −0.01 | ||||||
| AW-ALC | −0.15 | |||||
| −0.07 | ||||||
| −0.19 | ||||||
| −0.16 | ||||||
| NJ-ALC | −0.08 | |||||
| 0.06 | ||||||
| −0.07 | ||||||
| −0.08 | ||||||
| NR-ALC | −0.02 | |||||
| 0.01 | ||||||
| −0.09 | ||||||
| −0.04 | ||||||
| Fernandez et al. (2010) | 22 (0.41) | 92/44 | 316(NC)1,2 | NR-ALC | −0.01 | −0.08 |
| 0 | ||||||
| −0.03 | ||||||
| −0.08 | ||||||
| AW-ALC | −0.14 | |||||
| −0.16 | ||||||
| −0.18 | ||||||
| −0.22 | ||||||
| DES-ALC | −0.13 | |||||
| −0.14 | ||||||
| −0.12 | ||||||
| −0.07 | ||||||
| NJ-ALC | −0.06 | |||||
| −0.02 | ||||||
| 0.01 | ||||||
| −0.14 | ||||||
| OBS-ALC | −0.06 | |||||
| −0.04 | ||||||
| −0.06 | ||||||
| −0.02 | ||||||
| Gallagher et al. (2010) | 26.35 (4.94) | 29.34/100 | 167(NC)1 | OV-ALC | −0.11 | −0.04 |
| 0.04 | ||||||
| Garland et al. (2012) | 39.8 (9.30) | 39.7/81 | 58(IC)1,2 | AW-ALC | −0.16 | −0.32 |
| −0.31 | ||||||
| −0.37 | ||||||
| DES-ALC | −0.01 | |||||
| −0.33 | ||||||
| −0.27 | ||||||
| NJ-ALC | −0.20 | |||||
| −0.18 | ||||||
| NR-ALC | −0.19 | |||||
| −0.28 | ||||||
| OBS-ALC | −0.17 | |||||
| −0.11 | ||||||
| Goldberg et al. (2013) | 42.10 (12.30) | 94.6/45.9 | 37(OC)1,2 | OV-CIGS | −0.01 | −0.18 |
| −0.16 | ||||||
| −0.27 | ||||||
| −0.15 | ||||||
| −0.30 | ||||||
| Gonzalez et al. (2009) | 25.32 (10.51) | 95/54 | 174(NC)1 | OV-CIGS | −0.09 | 0.03 |
| OV-ALC | 0.11 | |||||
| OV-MJ | 0.07 | |||||
| Karyadi & Cyders (2013) | 19.37 (1.65) | 75/30 | 240(NC)2 | OV-ALC | −0.19 | −0.19 |
| Lafferty (2013) | 20 (MISS) | 71/22 | 165(NC)2 | OV-ALC | −0.24 | −0.24 |
| Leigh & Neighbors (2009) | 19.52 (1.87) | 45/52 | 212(NC)1 | NJ-ALC | 0.14 | 0.10 |
| AW-ALC | 0.21 | |||||
| NR-ALC | −0.05 | |||||
| Leigh et al. (2005) | MISS | MISS/36 | 193(NC)1,2 | OV-CIG | −0.16 | −0.20 |
| OV-ALC | −0.25 | |||||
| LePera (2011) | 31 (10.7) | 76.1/32 | 138(NC)1 | OV-SUB | −0.22 | −0.22 |
| Levin et al. (2010) | 39.29 (14.24) | 91.2/43.8 | 867(OC)2 | OBS-SUB | 0.02 | −0.08 |
| DES-SUB | −0.08 | |||||
| AW-SUB | −0.15 | |||||
| NJ-SUB | −0.12 | |||||
| NR-SUB | −0.07 | |||||
| Luberto et al. (2011) | 26.6 (11.8) | 93.3/52.5 | 90(NC)1 | OBS-CIGS | −0.10 | 0.07 |
| DES-CIGS | 0.07 | |||||
| AW-CIGS | 0.12 | |||||
| Murphy (2012) | 22.43 (1.76) | 85/50 | 84(NC)1,2 | AW-ALC | −0.22 | −0.20 |
| −0.33 | ||||||
| DES-ALC | −0.25 | |||||
| −0.21 | ||||||
| NJ-ALC | −0.25 | |||||
| −0.39 | ||||||
| NR-ALC | −0.26 | |||||
| −0.20 | ||||||
| OBS-ALC | −0.03 | |||||
| 0.10 | ||||||
| Murphy & MacKillop (2012) | 20.3 (1.30) | 86.2/19.5 | 116(NC)1,2 | OBS-ALC | 0.15 | −0.13 |
| 0.06 | ||||||
| DES-ALC | −0.06 | |||||
| −0.14 | ||||||
| AW-ALC | −0.15 | |||||
| −0.34 | ||||||
| NJ-ALC | −0.23 | |||||
| −0.21 | ||||||
| NR-ALC | −0.12 | |||||
| Ostafin et al. (2013) | 19.6 (1.9) | 95.08/55.73 | 61(NC)1,2 | OV-ALC | −0.10 | −0.10 |
| −0.09 | ||||||
| −0.10 | ||||||
| O'Toole et al. (2012) | 37.10 (12.04) | 78/0 | 165(OC)1 | OV-PRES | −0.09 | −0.09 |
| Phillip (2010) | 20.42 (1.66) | 85.9/29 | 427(NC)1,2 | OV-ALC | −0.12 | −0.13 |
| −0.24 | ||||||
| OV-MJ | −0.04 | |||||
| Rendon (2006) | 20.76 (2.16) | 69/52 | 284(NC)1,2 | OV-ALC | −0.01 | −0.01 |
| −0.01 | ||||||
| Roberts & Danoff-Burg (2010) | 18.8 (2.10) | 68.4/30.3 | 553(NC)1 | OV-CIGS | −0.05 | −0.17 |
| −0.30 | ||||||
| Robinson (2010) | 15.60 (MISS) | 84/51 | 1070 (NC)1,2 | OV-ALC | 0.06 | −0.05 |
| −0.10 | ||||||
| OV-MJ | −0.02 | |||||
| −0.02 | ||||||
| OV-SUB | −0.08 | |||||
| Shorey et al. (2013) | MISS | MISS/MISS | 334(IC)1 | NJ-SUB | −0.44 | −0.50 |
| NR-SUB | −0.57 | |||||
| Shorey et al. (2014) | 38.19 (12.34) | 95.1/100 | 82(IC)1 | OV-ALC | −0.10 | −0.15 |
| OV-MJ | −0.05 | |||||
| OV-DEP | −0.10 | |||||
| −0.51 | ||||||
| OV-STIM | −0.03 | |||||
| OV-SUB | −0.15 | |||||
| Smith et al. (2011) | 33.7 (8.13) | 37/93 | 124(NC)2 | OV-ALC | −0.18 | −0.18 |
| Spinella et al. (2012) | 26.5 (11.4) | MISS/36.84 | 190(NC)1,2 | OV-ALC | −0.03 | −0.12 |
| −0.20 | ||||||
| −0.12 | ||||||
| OBS-ALC | 0.09 | |||||
| −0.03 | ||||||
| 0.06 | ||||||
| DES-ALC | 0.09 | |||||
| −0.17 | ||||||
| −0.10 | ||||||
| AW-ALC | −0.08 | |||||
| −0.07 | ||||||
| −0.12 | ||||||
| NJ-ALC | −0.30 | |||||
| −0.22 | ||||||
| −0.21 | ||||||
| NR-ALC | 0.05 | |||||
| −0.02 | ||||||
| 0.02 | ||||||
| Thomas (2011) | MISS | MISS/31.3 | 134(NC)2 | OV-ALC | −0.28 | −0.28 |
| Vidrine et al. (2009) | 43.8 (11.8) | 50/55 | 158(NC)1 | OV-CIGS | 0.04 | −0.08 |
| −0.19 |
Notes. Sample Size: NC-non-clinical; OC-outpatient clinical; IC-inpatient clinical
1
indicates non-problematic substance use behaviors assessed
2
indicates problematic substance use behaviors assessed.
Comparison: OV-overall mindfulness; OBS-observing; DES-describing; AW-awareness; NJ-non-judgment; NR-non-reactivity; SUB-non-specified substance; ALC-alcohol; MJ-marijuana; CIGS-cigarettes; PRES-prescription medications; OP-opiates; DE-depressants; STIM-stimulants. r-correlation coefficient. MISS-missing information.