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. 2014 Dec 11;5:669. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00669

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Copyright © 2014 Scala, Giorni, Cirlini, Ludovici, Visentin, Cardinale, Fabbri, Fanelli, Reverberi, Battilani, Galaverna and Dall'Asta.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Virulence analysis of the two strains of F. verticillioides (WT and ΔFvlds1D mutant). Visual appearance of cobs artificially wounded, non-inoculated (mock) and inoculated with the two strains of F. verticillioides (WT and ΔFvlds1D) (A) 2 and (B) 7 DAI at 25°C in bottles containing Hoagland's solution. (C) Severity of F. verticillioides ear attack evaluated by a visual rating scale based on the SCIA (wounding and non-wounding) method (Marin et al., 2010). (D) Abundance of fungal DNA in maize ears at different DAI, as a measure of tissue colonization. This method adopts 7 classes based on the percentage of visibly infected kernels (Disease Severity Rating: 1 = 0%-no infection; 2 = 1–3%; 3 = 4–10%; 4 = 11–25%; 5 = 26–50%, 6 = 51–75%; 7 = 76–100%).