Table 2. Parameter descriptions and values used.

Parameter	Description	Baseline value	Range	Unit	Source
ψh	constant birth rate of humans	0.0000421	-	d−1	-
ρh	waning of malaria immunity in humans	0.00055	5.5×10−4–2.7×10−3	d−1	[54]
a	mosquito biting rate on humans	0.33	0.2–0.5	d−1	[67]
c	likelihood of malaria infection in humans following an infectious bite	0.022	0.011–0.033		[54]
μh	human death rate	0.0000421	-	d−1	-
vh	human rate of progression from the exposed to the infected state for malaria	0.1	0.067–0.20	d−1	[54]
γh	human recovery rate from malaria	0.0035	0.0017–0.007	d−1	[54]
δh	malaria-induced mortality rate for humans	0.00009	0−1.8×10−5	d−1	[54]
b	likelihood of a bite on an infected human leading to malaria infection in mosquitoes	0.097	0.08–0.114		[18]
	likelihood of a bite on a recovered human leading to malaria infection in mosquitoes	0.0097	0.008–0.0114		[54]
ψ1	likelihood of an infectious bite leading to establishment of a worm in humans	0.000036	3.6×10−5–8.8×10−5		[16], [19], [28]
L3	mean number of 3rd instars carried by infective mosquitoes	1.48	1–1.98		[34], [68], [69]
μw	death rate of adult worms in humans	0.00034	5.48×10−4–2.74×10−4	d−1	[28]
α	worm fecundity in humans	0.0667	6.67×10−3–6.67×10−2-	d−1	[28], [59]
μf	death rate of microfilariae in humans	0.0033	0.002–0.004	d−1	[28]
Λ	emergence of mosquitoes	8000/16000	varies seasonally	d−1	-
ψ2(F)	likelihood of W.b. infection in mosquitoes when feeding on a microfilaremic host	varies	-
r	rate of W.b. larval development within mosquitoes	0.083	0.0714–0.1	d−1	[70]
ve	reciprocal of the extrinsic incubation period for malaria	0.0909	0.0714–0.1	d−1	[54]
μm	death rate of mosquitoes	0.1	0.05–0.15	d−1	[56]
μe	W.b.-induced additional mortality of mosquitoes	0.059	0.009–0.109	d−1	S1 Supporting Information
μi	P.f.-induced additional mortality of mosquitoes	0.03	0–0.06	d−1	estimate
m	probability of ingested microfilariae passing the midgut in mosquitoes	0.636	0.4–0.87		S1 Supporting Information
i	loss of W.b.-infection in mosquitoes due to immune response	0.37	0.13–0.61	d−1	S1 Supporting Information
kρ	factor used to relate microfilariae burden to prevalence	8.9	-		[28]
kψ	constant in microfilariae uptake function	0.06539	0.0554–0.0772		[32], [34]