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Values of selected roughness parameters, including standard deviations, obtained from 1 µm × 1 µm AFM topographs after each immobilization step.
| Layer | Sdr ± SD [%] | σ ± SD [nm] |
|---|---|---|
| gold electrode | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.3 |
| MuOH:Biotin-PEG-thiol (85:15 mol%) SAM | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.5 |
| Streptavidin | 3.1 ± 0.5 | 2.5 ± 0.4 |
| bio-CRP antigen | 2.4 ± 0.5 | 3.3 ± 0.5 |
| Anti-CRP antibody | 4.7 ± 0.8 | 5.4 ± 1.0 |
