Table 1. Characteristics of study population by urinary albumin excretion status.
| Normal urinary albumin excretion | Low-grade albuminuria | Increased urinary albumin excretion | P for trend | |
| n (%) | 6795 (70.0) | 2267 (23.4) | 640 (6.6) | |
| Urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (mg/g) | 6.65 (5.02–8.40) | 14.71 (12.53–18.99)* | 53.13 (37.8–94.5)* | <0.0001 |
| GGT (U/L) | 19 (14–28) | 21 (15–30)* | 24 (16–35)* | <0.0001 |
| Age (years) | 55.5±7.7 | 56.7±8.4* | 58.0±9.6* | <0.0001 |
| Male [n (%)] | 2097 (30.9) | 501 (22.1) | 190 (29.7) | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.4±3.2 | 24.0±3.8* | 24.7±3.7* | <0.0001 |
| WC (cm) | 81.1±9.2 | 82.3±9.9* | 85.1±10.4* | <0.0001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 124.2±15.6 | 128.9±16.8* | 134.9±18.9* | <0.0001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 74.6±9.5 | 76.4±10.4* | 78.8±11.0* | <0.0001 |
| Current smoker [n (%)] | 702 (10.6) | 163 (7.4) | 74 (11.8) | 0.070 |
| Current drinker [n (%)] | 227 (3.5) | 67 (3.1) | 23 (3.7) | 0.777 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 108.85 (80.53–157.52) | 115.93 (83.19–170.80)* | 138.05 (97.35–194.69)* | <0.0001 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 200.39±46.72 | 204.25±47.88* | 203.09±52.12 | 0.002 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 51.35±13.90 | 51.35±13.51 | 47.88±12.74* | <0.0001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 121.24±35.91 | 122.78±37.45 | 122.78±38.61 | 0.083 |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 97.30 (90.09–105.95) | 98.92 (90.81–109.00)* | 100.72 (92.07–120.90)* | <0.0001 |
| HbA1C (%) | 5.95±0.73 | 6.17±1.05* | 6.55±1.53* | <0.0001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.67 (1.19–2.40) | 1.88 (1.29–2.80)* | 2.23 (1.45–3.48)* | <0.0001 |
| eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 112.9±22.0 | 113.5±23.9 | 108.6±31.9* | 0.006 |
| Physical activity (MET-h/week) | 21.0 (10.5–45.0) | 21.0 (10.5–42.0) | 21.5 (10.5–42.0) | 0.758 |
1. Data were means ± SD or medians (interquartile ranges) for skewed variables or numbers (proportions) for categorical variables.
2. P for trend was calculated for the linear regression analysis tests across the groups. P values were for the ANOVA or χ2 analyses across the groups.
3. *P<0.05 compared with normal urinary albumin excretion group.
4. BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GGT, γ-glutamyltransferase.