Figure 3. The combination treatment of butyrate, propolis, and coffee extract induces highest levels of apoptosis in colon adenoma and carcinoma cells.

A–C. Cells were exposed to mock (M), 5 mM butyrate (B), 1 mg/ml roasted coffee extract (R), 100 µg/ml propolis (P), butyrate and coffee extract (BR), butyrate and propolis (BP), propolis and coffee extract (PR), or butyrate, propolis and coffee extract (BPR). Apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry as described in Materials and Methods. D–F. Cells were exposed to treatments as described above for 17 h, and total cell lysates were analyzed by western blotting.