Table 1. Animal experiments of caloric restriction diet and cancer.
Author(Year) | Model | Tumor | Feeding Regimens | Sample size | Timea | Body weights(g) | Major Results | Cb | Qc | Sd |
Engelman 1994 | Mice | Mammary, TGe | ALf;CRg (4–12wh); CR(continuously) | 60;24;60 | 60 | 42.3; 41.4; 27.8 | Tumor incidence(%): 83; 50; 13 | + | 4 | I |
Tagliaferro 1996 | Rats | Mammary, Ci | AL; Cyclic CR(1w 33% restriction 3w refeeding) | 47;49 | 16 | Cyclic CR<AL | Tumor incidence(%): 54; 66 | - | 4 | I |
Gillette 1997 | Rats | Mammary, C | AL; 20%CR | 30;30 | 20.5 | CR<AL | Tumor incidence(%): 23.3; 6.7 | + | 3 | I |
Pape-Ansorge 2002 | Mice | Mammary, TG | AL; ICRj(3 weeks 50% CR 3 weeks AL);CCRk | 32;31;33 | 80 | 34.9; 31.1; 28.0 | Tumor incidence(%): 37.5; 22.5; 33 | + | 4 | I |
Thompson 2004 | Rats | Mammary, C | 40% CR;AL | 54;24 | 11 | 162;207 | Tumor incidence(%): 59;96 | + | 4 | I |
Zhu2005 | Rats | Mammary, C | 40%CR; 6 week 40%CR 8 day refeeding; AL | 30;20;29 | 7 | 139;160;191 | Tumor incidence(%): 56.7;80;96.6 | + | 3 | I |
Cleary2007 | Mice | Mammary, TG | ICR(3 weeks 50% CR 3 weeks AL);CCR; AL | 39;30; 31 | 80 | 25/32.5l;26.2; 31.2 | Tumor incidence(%): 15;27; 84 | + | 3 | I |
Jiang 2008 | Rats | Mammary, C | 20% CR; 40% CR;AL | 30;30;30 | >7 | 150;123;180 | Tumor incidence(%): 60;23;96 | + | 4 | I |
Dogan 2009 | Mice | Mammary, TG | ICR(3 weeks 50% CR 3 weeks AL); CCR;AL | 52;40;44 | 64 | 22.6/26.7;25.1;36 | Tumor incidence(%): 11.5;20; 45.5 | + | 5 | I |
Phoenix 2010 | Mice | Mammary, TPm | 30%CR;AL | /n | >27 | / | Tumor volume: CR<AL; Metastases: CR<AL | + | 3 | P, M |
De Lorenzo 2011 | Mice | Mammary, TP | 40%CR; Normal diet | 7;7 | 9 | 16.6; 21.6 | Wet tumor weight: 1.5; 3.5 g; Metastases: CR<AL | + | 4 | P, M |
Nogueira 2012 | Mice | Mammary, TP | 30% CR; control diet | 15;15 | 18 | 29;40 | Tumor weight: 0.04;0.39 g | + | 4 | P |
Dunlap 2012 | Mice | Mammary, TP | 30%CR;AL | 20;20 | >42 | / | Tumor area: CR<AL | + | 3 | P |
Saleh2013 | Mice | Mammary, TP | ADF(alternate day feeing); 30%CR; AL | 80(total) | 6 | CR<AL | Tumor growth delay of ADF and CR | + | 4 | P |
Mizuno 2013 | Mice | Mammary, TG | CCR; ICR(3weeks 50% CR 3weeks AL); AL | 36;29;30 | >50 | CR<AL | Tumor incidence(%): 47; 59; 87 | + | 4 | I |
Rogozina 2013 | Mice | Mammary, TG | ICR(3 weeks 50%CR 3 weeks AL); CCR; AL | 45;45;45 | 82 | CR<AL | Tumor incidence(%): 4.4;52.3; 66.7 | + | 4 | I |
Boileau 2003 | Rats | Prostate, C | AL; 20%CR | 194 total | >60 | CR<AL | Prostate cancer-free survival: CR>AL | + | 4 | I |
SUTTIE 2005 | Mice | Prostate, TG | Late-onset 20%CRo; AL | 109(total) | 39 | CR<AL (sex-pluck) | CR retard epithelial lesion development | + | 3 | P |
Kandori 2005 | Rats | Prostate, TG | 30%CR; control | 10;10 | 91 | 389.3; 475.2 | Decreased epithelial areas/whole area in CR | + | 4 | I |
McCormick2007 | Rats | Prostate, C | 30%CR; 15%CR;AL | 43;42;43 | 48 | CR<AL | Tumor incidence(%):72;64;74 | - | 4 | I |
Bonorden2009 | Mice | Prostate, TG | ICR(2 weeks 50% CR 2 weeks AL);CCR; AL | 101;79;41 | 50 | 27.43/30.89p;29.16; 33.48 | Median time to tumor detection (week): 38;35; 33 | + | 4 | I |
Blando 2011 | Mice | Prostate, TG | 30%CR;overweight control; diet-induced obesity | 27;23;23 | 24 | 23.9;40.1;44.9 | Tumor incidence(%):37;100;100 | + | 4 | I |
Galet 2013 | Mice | Prostate, TP | 40% CR; AL | 16;16 | >3 | CR<AL | Tumor weight:295; 467 mg | + | 4 | P |
Seyfried 2003 | Mice | Brain, TP | AL; 40%CR | 7;6 | >2 | CR<AL | Tumor dry weight: CR<AL | + | 3 | P |
Shelton2010 | Mice | Brain, TP | 60%CR;AL | 9-10;9-10 | >2 | CR<AL | CR reduced the growth and invasion of tumor | + | 4 | P, M |
Mulrooney 2011 | Mice | Brain, TP | 30%CR; AL | 5; 4 | >14 | CR<AL | Tumor weight: CR<AL | + | 4 | P |
Jiang 2013 | Mice | Brain, TP | 40%CR;AL | 30;30 | >14 | CR<AL | Tumor weight: CR<AL | + | 3 | P |
Birt 1997 | Hamster | Pancreatic, C | AL; 10%CR; 20%CR; 40%CR | 35;35;38;33 | 102 | CR<AL | Tumor incidence: 14;9;13;18 | - | 4 | I |
Lashinger 2011 | Mice | Pancreatic, TP | 30%CR; AL | 9;9 | 11 | CR<AL | Tumor weight: CR<AL | + | 4 | P |
Lanza-Jacoby2013 | Mice | Pancreatic, TG | ICR (1 week 50% CR 1week AL);CCR; AL | 31;31;31 | 44 | 21.7;21;29.6 | Incidence of PanIN-2 or more lesions: 27;40; 70% | + | 5 | I |
James 1994 | Mice | Hepatic, Sq | AL; 40%CR | 73;72 | 144 | 32.3; 23.5 | Tumor incidence(%): 27.4; 4.2 | + | 4 | I |
Von Tungeln,1996 | Mice | Hepatic, C | AL; 40%CR | 46; 42 | 84 | CR<AL | Tumor incidence(%): 41.3; 0 | + | 4 | I |
Van Ginhoven 2010 | Mice | Hepatic, TP | 30%CR(preoperative);AL | 5;5 | 24 | CR<AL | Hepatic tumor load: reduced by CR | + | 3 | P |
Stewart 2005 | Mice | Skin, C | 40%CR; AL | 32;30 | >31 | CR<AL | Papilloma incidence: CR<AL | + | 3 | I |
Moore 2012 | Mice | Skin, C | 30% CR; 15% CR;10 kcal% fat; 60 kcal% fat | 26;29;27;25 | >50 | 26.7;35.0;41.4;50 | Tumor incidence(%):57.7;69;92.3;96 | + | 4 | I |
Tomita 2012 | Rats | Colonic, C | 40%CR; AL | 23;23 | 5 | CR<AL | Number of aberrant crypt foci: CR<AL | + | 4 | I |
Harvey 2012 | Mice | Colonic, TP | 30%CR; AL | 30;30 | >24 | CR<AL | Tumor volume: CR<AL | + | 4 | P |
Carver 2011 | Bird | Ovarian, S | 55%CR; full-fed | 394;393 | 2year | 1423;1896 | Tumor incidence(%):10.3;33.3 | + | 4 | I |
Mai 2003 | Mice | Intestinal, TG | AL; 40%CR | 30;28 | 9 | CR<AL | Polyp numbers: CR<AL | + | 3 | I |
Dunn 1997 | Mice | /, TG+C | AL; 20%CR | 10;10 | 22 | 38; 30 | Tumor incidence(%): 40; 20 | + | 3 | I |
Hursting, 1997 | Mice | /, S | AL(P53-);40%CR(p53-); AL(p53+); 40%CR(p53+) | 28-30/group | 132 | CR<AL | CR delayed tumor mortality relative to AL | + | 4 | I |
Berrigan 2002 | Mice | /, TG | AL; 40%CR; 1day/week fast | 31-32/group | >48 | CR<Fast<AL | Tumor free survival: CR>AL; Fast>AL | + | 4 | I |
Tsao 2002 | Mice | /, TG | Control; High fat/low calcium; 30%CR | 34;46;16 | / | CR<Control | Intestinal tumor incidence(%): 68; 65; 69 | - | 3 | I |
Yamaza2010 | Mice | /, TG | 30%CR; AL | 18;17 | >144 | CR<AL | Tumor incidence(%): 16.7; 94.1 | + | 3 | I |
Time: Time of study (weeks); bC: Conclusion of the study, “+” indicates a positive conclusion and “-” represents a negative conclusion; cQ: Quality of the study according to a critical checklist of the Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable; dS: The step(s) of cancer that dietary restriction regimens interfere during the initiation, progression and metastasis of cancer, “I” indicates initiation, “P” indicates progression and “M” indicates metastasis; eTG: transgenic; fAL: Ad libitum; gCR: caloric restriction; hw: week; iC: Chemical-induced; jICR: Intermittent caloric restriction; kCCR: chronic caloric restriction; l25/32.5: ICR mice sacrificed at the end of the 12th restriction period/ICR mice sacrificed at 1week after 12th refeeding; mTP: transplanted; n/: not specified; oLate-onset 20%CR: al libitum 20 weeks followed by 20% diet restriction; p27.43/30.89: Mice euthanized during restriction/Mice euthanized during AL consumption; qS: Spontaneous.