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. 2014 Dec 11;9(12):e115147. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115147

Table 1. Animal experiments of caloric restriction diet and cancer.

Author(Year) Model Tumor Feeding Regimens Sample size Timea Body weights(g) Major Results Cb Qc Sd
Engelman 1994 Mice Mammary, TGe ALf;CRg (4–12wh); CR(continuously) 60;24;60 60 42.3; 41.4; 27.8 Tumor incidence(%): 83; 50; 13 + 4 I
Tagliaferro 1996 Rats Mammary, Ci AL; Cyclic CR(1w 33% restriction 3w refeeding) 47;49 16 Cyclic CR<AL Tumor incidence(%): 54; 66 - 4 I
Gillette 1997 Rats Mammary, C AL; 20%CR 30;30 20.5 CR<AL Tumor incidence(%): 23.3; 6.7 + 3 I
Pape-Ansorge 2002 Mice Mammary, TG AL; ICRj(3 weeks 50% CR 3 weeks AL);CCRk 32;31;33 80 34.9; 31.1; 28.0 Tumor incidence(%): 37.5; 22.5; 33 + 4 I
Thompson 2004 Rats Mammary, C 40% CR;AL 54;24 11 162;207 Tumor incidence(%): 59;96 + 4 I
Zhu2005 Rats Mammary, C 40%CR; 6 week 40%CR 8 day refeeding; AL 30;20;29 7 139;160;191 Tumor incidence(%): 56.7;80;96.6 + 3 I
Cleary2007 Mice Mammary, TG ICR(3 weeks 50% CR 3 weeks AL);CCR; AL 39;30; 31 80 25/32.5l;26.2; 31.2 Tumor incidence(%): 15;27; 84 + 3 I
Jiang 2008 Rats Mammary, C 20% CR; 40% CR;AL 30;30;30 >7 150;123;180 Tumor incidence(%): 60;23;96 + 4 I
Dogan 2009 Mice Mammary, TG ICR(3 weeks 50% CR 3 weeks AL); CCR;AL 52;40;44 64 22.6/26.7;25.1;36 Tumor incidence(%): 11.5;20; 45.5 + 5 I
Phoenix 2010 Mice Mammary, TPm 30%CR;AL /n >27 / Tumor volume: CR<AL; Metastases: CR<AL + 3 P, M
De Lorenzo 2011 Mice Mammary, TP 40%CR; Normal diet 7;7 9 16.6; 21.6 Wet tumor weight: 1.5; 3.5 g; Metastases: CR<AL + 4 P, M
Nogueira 2012 Mice Mammary, TP 30% CR; control diet 15;15 18 29;40 Tumor weight: 0.04;0.39 g + 4 P
Dunlap 2012 Mice Mammary, TP 30%CR;AL 20;20 >42 / Tumor area: CR<AL + 3 P
Saleh2013 Mice Mammary, TP ADF(alternate day feeing); 30%CR; AL 80(total) 6 CR<AL Tumor growth delay of ADF and CR + 4 P
Mizuno 2013 Mice Mammary, TG CCR; ICR(3weeks 50% CR 3weeks AL); AL 36;29;30 >50 CR<AL Tumor incidence(%): 47; 59; 87 + 4 I
Rogozina 2013 Mice Mammary, TG ICR(3 weeks 50%CR 3 weeks AL); CCR; AL 45;45;45 82 CR<AL Tumor incidence(%): 4.4;52.3; 66.7 + 4 I
Boileau 2003 Rats Prostate, C AL; 20%CR 194 total >60 CR<AL Prostate cancer-free survival: CR>AL + 4 I
SUTTIE 2005 Mice Prostate, TG Late-onset 20%CRo; AL 109(total) 39 CR<AL (sex-pluck) CR retard epithelial lesion development + 3 P
Kandori 2005 Rats Prostate, TG 30%CR; control 10;10 91 389.3; 475.2 Decreased epithelial areas/whole area in CR + 4 I
McCormick2007 Rats Prostate, C 30%CR; 15%CR;AL 43;42;43 48 CR<AL Tumor incidence(%):72;64;74 - 4 I
Bonorden2009 Mice Prostate, TG ICR(2 weeks 50% CR 2 weeks AL);CCR; AL 101;79;41 50 27.43/30.89p;29.16; 33.48 Median time to tumor detection (week): 38;35; 33 + 4 I
Blando 2011 Mice Prostate, TG 30%CR;overweight control; diet-induced obesity 27;23;23 24 23.9;40.1;44.9 Tumor incidence(%):37;100;100 + 4 I
Galet 2013 Mice Prostate, TP 40% CR; AL 16;16 >3 CR<AL Tumor weight:295; 467 mg + 4 P
Seyfried 2003 Mice Brain, TP AL; 40%CR 7;6 >2 CR<AL Tumor dry weight: CR<AL + 3 P
Shelton2010 Mice Brain, TP 60%CR;AL 9-10;9-10 >2 CR<AL CR reduced the growth and invasion of tumor + 4 P, M
Mulrooney 2011 Mice Brain, TP 30%CR; AL 5; 4 >14 CR<AL Tumor weight: CR<AL + 4 P
Jiang 2013 Mice Brain, TP 40%CR;AL 30;30 >14 CR<AL Tumor weight: CR<AL + 3 P
Birt 1997 Hamster Pancreatic, C AL; 10%CR; 20%CR; 40%CR 35;35;38;33 102 CR<AL Tumor incidence: 14;9;13;18 - 4 I
Lashinger 2011 Mice Pancreatic, TP 30%CR; AL 9;9 11 CR<AL Tumor weight: CR<AL + 4 P
Lanza-Jacoby2013 Mice Pancreatic, TG ICR (1 week 50% CR 1week AL);CCR; AL 31;31;31 44 21.7;21;29.6 Incidence of PanIN-2 or more lesions: 27;40; 70% + 5 I
James 1994 Mice Hepatic, Sq AL; 40%CR 73;72 144 32.3; 23.5 Tumor incidence(%): 27.4; 4.2 + 4 I
Von Tungeln,1996 Mice Hepatic, C AL; 40%CR 46; 42 84 CR<AL Tumor incidence(%): 41.3; 0 + 4 I
Van Ginhoven 2010 Mice Hepatic, TP 30%CR(preoperative);AL 5;5 24 CR<AL Hepatic tumor load: reduced by CR + 3 P
Stewart 2005 Mice Skin, C 40%CR; AL 32;30 >31 CR<AL Papilloma incidence: CR<AL + 3 I
Moore 2012 Mice Skin, C 30% CR; 15% CR;10 kcal% fat; 60 kcal% fat 26;29;27;25 >50 26.7;35.0;41.4;50 Tumor incidence(%):57.7;69;92.3;96 + 4 I
Tomita 2012 Rats Colonic, C 40%CR; AL 23;23 5 CR<AL Number of aberrant crypt foci: CR<AL + 4 I
Harvey 2012 Mice Colonic, TP 30%CR; AL 30;30 >24 CR<AL Tumor volume: CR<AL + 4 P
Carver 2011 Bird Ovarian, S 55%CR; full-fed 394;393 2year 1423;1896 Tumor incidence(%):10.3;33.3 + 4 I
Mai 2003 Mice Intestinal, TG AL; 40%CR 30;28 9 CR<AL Polyp numbers: CR<AL + 3 I
Dunn 1997 Mice /, TG+C AL; 20%CR 10;10 22 38; 30 Tumor incidence(%): 40; 20 + 3 I
Hursting, 1997 Mice /, S AL(P53-);40%CR(p53-); AL(p53+); 40%CR(p53+) 28-30/group 132 CR<AL CR delayed tumor mortality relative to AL + 4 I
Berrigan 2002 Mice /, TG AL; 40%CR; 1day/week fast 31-32/group >48 CR<Fast<AL Tumor free survival: CR>AL; Fast>AL + 4 I
Tsao 2002 Mice /, TG Control; High fat/low calcium; 30%CR 34;46;16 / CR<Control Intestinal tumor incidence(%): 68; 65; 69 - 3 I
Yamaza2010 Mice /, TG 30%CR; AL 18;17 >144 CR<AL Tumor incidence(%): 16.7; 94.1 + 3 I
a

Time: Time of study (weeks); bC: Conclusion of the study, “+” indicates a positive conclusion and “-” represents a negative conclusion; cQ: Quality of the study according to a critical checklist of the Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable; dS: The step(s) of cancer that dietary restriction regimens interfere during the initiation, progression and metastasis of cancer, “I” indicates initiation, “P” indicates progression and “M” indicates metastasis; eTG: transgenic; fAL: Ad libitum; gCR: caloric restriction; hw: week; iC: Chemical-induced; jICR: Intermittent caloric restriction; kCCR: chronic caloric restriction; l25/32.5: ICR mice sacrificed at the end of the 12th restriction period/ICR mice sacrificed at 1week after 12th refeeding; mTP: transplanted; n/: not specified; oLate-onset 20%CR: al libitum 20 weeks followed by 20% diet restriction; p27.43/30.89: Mice euthanized during restriction/Mice euthanized during AL consumption; qS: Spontaneous.