Table 1.

Serum antibodies in hypertension

Autoantibodies	Molecular targets	Clinical conditions
Anti–angiotensin II type 1 receptors (agonistic)	Second extracellular loop	Eclampsia and pre-eclampsia, 7,61,62 essential hypertension, 64,65 transplant rejection, 66 systemic sclerosis 63 adrenal adenoma 67
Anti–alpha adrenergic receptors (agonistic)	First or second extracellular loop	Refractory hypertension 68–70
Anti–beta-1 adrenergic receptors (agonistic)	Second extracellular loop (cardiomyocytes)	Dilated cardiomyopathy 71
Anti–L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (agonistic)	Alpha1c-subunit of L-type Ca2+ channel used as antigen for detection	Essential hypertension 72
Anti–heat shock proteins	HSP70 HSP65	Increased titers in essential hypertension and atherosclerosis 41,43,73
Anti–endothelial cell	Endothelial cells	Borderline hypertension 74,75 Eclampsia 76

The agonistic characteristic was demonstrated in anti–angiotensin type I receptors, anti– alpha adrenergic receptors, and anti–beta adrenergic receptors and assumed in the anti–L-type voltage-gated calcium channels.

Abbreviation: HSP, heat shock protein.