Table 1.
Autoantibodies | Molecular targets | Clinical conditions |
---|---|---|
Anti–angiotensin II type 1 receptors (agonistic) | Second extracellular loop | Eclampsia and pre-eclampsia, 7,61,62 essential hypertension, 64,65 transplant rejection, 66 systemic sclerosis 63 adrenal adenoma 67 |
Anti–alpha adrenergic receptors (agonistic) | First or second extracellular loop | Refractory hypertension 68–70 |
Anti–beta-1 adrenergic receptors (agonistic) | Second extracellular loop (cardiomyocytes) | Dilated cardiomyopathy 71 |
Anti–L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (agonistic) | Alpha1c-subunit of L-type Ca2+ channel used as antigen for detection | Essential hypertension 72 |
Anti–heat shock proteins | HSP70 HSP65 |
Increased titers in essential hypertension and atherosclerosis 41,43,73 |
Anti–endothelial cell | Endothelial cells | Borderline hypertension
74,75
Eclampsia 76 |
The agonistic characteristic was demonstrated in anti–angiotensin type I receptors, anti– alpha adrenergic receptors, and anti–beta adrenergic receptors and assumed in the anti–L-type voltage-gated calcium channels.
Abbreviation: HSP, heat shock protein.