TABLE 3.
Plasma phospholipid FAs in relation to baseline thigh muscle parameters and muscle strength among 836 participants1
| Muscle size, cm2 |
IMAT, cm2 |
Knee extension strength, N |
Grip strength, N |
|||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| Total PUFAs | ||||||||
| T2 | 2.93 (0.05, 5.81) | 2.86 (0.49, 5.22) | −0.83 (−2.12, 0.47) | −0.92 (−2.10, 0.25) | 11.1 (−3.13, 25.3) | 11.9 (−2.10, 25.9) | −1.93 (−14.1, 10.2) | −1.58 (−13.8, 10.6) |
| T3 | 4.31 (1.42, 7.20) | 3.83 (1.41, 6.25) | −1.11 (−2.41, 0.19) | −1.16 (−2.36, 0.05) | 16.5 (2.26, 30.8) | 15.2 (0.89, 29.6) | 11.0 (−1.21, 23.2) | 9.72 (−2.75, 22.2) |
| P-trend | 0.04 | 0.002 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.024 | 0.038 | 0.08 | 0.13 |
| n–6 PUFAs | ||||||||
| T2 | −0.46 (−3.34, 2.41) | −2.29 (−4.65, 0.08) | 0.80 (−0.49, 2.09) | 0.16 (−1.02, 1.33) | 2.99 (−11.2, 17.2) | 0.39 (−13.6, 14.4) | 8.68 (−3.41, 20.8) | 8.82 (−3.33, 21.0) |
| T3 | 2.53 (−0.39, 5.45) | 0.86 (−1.57, 3.28) | −0.29 (−1.60, 1.03) | −1.00 (−2.21, 0.21) | 3.32 (−11.1, 17.8) | 3.61 (−10.8, 18.0) | −6.40 (−18.7, 5.90) | −5.86 (−18.3, 6.63) |
| P-trend | 0.09 | 0.49 | 0.67 | 0.10 | 0.65 | 0.62 | 0.31 | 0.36 |
| n–3 PUFAs | ||||||||
| T2 | 0.01 (−2.86, 2.88) | −0.70 (−3.07, 1.67) | 0.67 (−0.61, 1.96) | 0.57 (−0.61, 1.74) | 6.59 (−7.55, 20.7) | 2.71 (−11.3, 16.7) | 18.1 (6.06, 30.1) | 16.6 (4.51, 28.7) |
| T3 | −1.38 (−4.27, 1.50) | 0.03 (−2.38, 2.45) | −0.09 (−1.38, 1.20) | 0.66 (−0.53, 1.86) | 7.11 (−7.12, 21.3) | 5.18 (−9.06, 19.4) | 12.3 (0.20, 24.4) | 10.1 (−2.21, 22.5) |
| P-trend | 0.35 | 0.98 | 0.89 | 0.28 | 0.33 | 0.48 | 0.047 | 0.11 |
| LA | ||||||||
| T2 | −1.20 (−4.07, 1.67) | −0.70 (−3.05, 1.65) | −1.75 (−3.03, −0.47) | −1.51 (−2.67, −0.35) | 2.71 (−11.4, 16.9) | 2.49 (−11.4, 16.4) | 8.07 (−4.00, 20.1) | 6.80 (−5.27, 18.9) |
| T3 | 0.65 (−2.23, 3.54) | 1.41 (−0.97, 3.79) | −2.07 (−3.36, −0.79) | −1.74 (−2.91, −0.56) | 1.67 (−12.6, 15.9) | 0.90 (−13.2, 15.0) | −2.73 (−14.9, 9.40) | −3.88 (−16.1, 8.33) |
| P-trend | 0.66 | 0.25 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.82 | 0.90 | 0.66 | 0.54 |
| AA | ||||||||
| T2 | −0.77 (−3.65, 2.12) | −2.77 (−5.14, −0.40) | −0.39 (−1.69, 0.91) | −1.12 (−2.30, 0.06) | −5.78 (−20.0, 8.47) | −7.69 (−21.7, 6.36) | −5.04 (−17.2, 7.12) | −4.30 (−16.5, 7.92) |
| T3 | 0.64 (−2.25, 3.52) | −3.02 (−5.45, −0.58) | 0.81(−0.48, 2.10) | −0.63 (−1.84, 0.58) | −8.57 (−22.8, 5.66) | −9.22 (−23.6, 5.21) | −7.32 (−19.5, 4.83) | −5.38 (−17.9, 7.17) |
| P-trend | 0.66 | 0.015 | 0.21 | 0.31 | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.24 | 0.40 |
| ALA | ||||||||
| T2 | 0.03 (−2.84, 2.89) | 0.54 (−1.81, 2.90) | −1.02 (−2.30, 0.26) | −0.88 (−2.05, 0.28) | 0.99 (−13.1, 15.1) | 2.13 (−11.8, 16.0) | 1.42 (−10.6, 13.5) | 1.34 (−10.8, 13.4) |
| T3 | −0.16 (−3.02, 2.71) | 0.87 (−1.49, 3.24) | −0.93 (−2.21, 0.35) | −0.51 (−1.68, 0.66) | −5.50 (−19.6, 8.63) | −4.36 (−18.3, 9.59) | 5.70 (−6.36, 17.8) | 5.28 (−6.85, 17.4) |
| P-trend | 0.92 | 0.47 | 0.16 | 0.39 | 0.45 | 0.54 | 0.35 | 0.39 |
| EPA | ||||||||
| T2 | 2.01 (−0.86, 4.87) | 0.70 (−1.66, 3.07) | 0.58 (−0.71, 1.86) | 0.25 (−0.93, 1.42) | 12.0 (−2.14, 26.1) | 8.12 (−5.83, 22.1) | 18.3 (6.25, 30.3) | 17.1 (5.01, 29.2) |
| T3 | 0.24 (−2.63, 3.11) | 0.81 (−1.58, 3.20) | 0.76 (−0.53, 2.04) | 1.20 (0.01, 2.38) | 15.5 (1.32, 29.6) | 13.3 (−0.81, 27.4) | 14.0 (1.98, 26.0) | 11.8 (−0.38, 24.1) |
| P-trend | 0.87 | 0.50 | 0.25 | 0.047 | 0.032 | 0.06 | 0.023 | 0.06 |
| DHA | ||||||||
| T2 | 1.40 (−1.46, 4.27) | 0.58 (−1.78, 2.95) | −0.01 (−1.30, 1.28) | −0.17 (−1.34, 1.00) | 12.5 (−1.63, 26.6) | 9.79 (−4.17, 23.7) | 13.4 (1.39, 25.5) | 12.1 (−0.04, 24.2) |
| T3 | −0.62 (−3.52, 2.27) | 0.30 (−2.12, 2.72) | −0.19 (−1.49, 1.11) | 0.42 (−0.78, 1.62) | 7.32 (−6.93, 21.6) | 4.91 (−9.37, 19.2) | 12.8 (0.69, 25.0) | 10.5 (−1.91, 22.9) |
| P-trend | 0.67 | 0.81 | 0.78 | 0.49 | 0.31 | 0.50 | 0.038 | 0.10 |
1
Multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to compute regression coefficients (95% CIs). Tertile 1 is the reference group (coefficient = 0.00), n = 278; n = 278 for tertile 2; and n = 280 for tertile 3. Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, and physical activity. Model 2 was adjusted for model 1 plus education, smoking status, BMI, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, microalbuminuria, and C-reactive protein. AA, arachidonic acid; ALA, α-linolenic acid; IMAT, intermuscular adipose tissue; LA, linoleic acid; T, tertile.