TABLE 1.
Child, maternal, and social characteristics of 103 HIV-infected and 143 HIV-exposed, uninfected children from Lusaka, Zambia, with HMO measurements1
| HIV-infected children |
HIV-exposed, uninfected children |
|||||
| Survived (n = 40) | Died (n = 63) | P | Survived (n = 77) | Died (n = 66) | P | |
| Child characteristics | ||||||
| Male sex, n (%) | 13 (32.5) | 39 (61.9) | 0.004 | 37 (48.1) | 33 (50.0) | >0.10 |
| Timing of infection, n (%) | ||||||
| Intrauterine | 18 (45.0) | 25 (39.7) | ||||
| Intrapartum/early postpartum | 22 (55.0) | 38 (60.3) | >0.10 | |||
| Child age at death, mo | — | 8.1 (4.6–12.4)2 | — | — | 9.5 (5.6–13.4) | |
| Birth weight <2500 g, n (%) | 3 (7.5) | 10 (16.1) | >0.10 | 7 (9.2) | 10 (15.4) | >0.10 |
| Maternal characteristics | ||||||
| Maternal death, n (%) | 1 (2.5) | 13 (20.6) | 0.009 | 1 (1.3) | 9 (13.6) | 0.004 |
| Maternal age, y | 25.0 (23.5–28.0) | 26.0 (22–30) | >0.10 | 25.0 (22–29) | 26.5 (23–29) | >0.10 |
| CD4 count <350 cells/μL, n (%) | 26 (65.0) | 51 (81.0) | 0.07 | 35 (45.5) | 39 (59.1) | 0.10 |
| HIV RNA >100,000 copies/mL, n (%) | 22 (55.0) | 40 (63.5) | >0.10 | 16 (20.8) | 19 (28.8) | >0.10 |
| Symptomatic, n (%) | 16 (40.0) | 40 (63.5) | 0.02 | 33 (42.9) | 25 (37.9) | >0.10 |
| Social characteristics, n (%) | ||||||
| Food insecurity | 5 (12.5) | 16 (25.4) | >0.10 | 18 (23.4) | 23 (34.9) | >0.10 |
| More than 2 children aged <5 y in household | 4 (10.0) | 12 (19.1) | >0.10 | 8 (10.4) | 16 (24.2) | 0.03 |
1
HMO, human milk oligosaccharide.
2
Median; 25th–75th percentiles in parentheses (all such values).