Figure 6.

Exendin-4 increases lipid utilization and decreases hepatic de novo lipogenesis via an indirect mechanism. Metabolic cage analysis for vehicle, pair-fed and exendin-4 hamsters from the intervention study. (A) Body weight change. (B) RER and (C) CO₂ averages 3 h postinjection. n = 10–11. Livers were excised for PCR analysis. (D) mRNA expression for hepatic inflammation and lipid homeostasis. n = 8. (E) cAMP levels of primary hamster hepatocytes treated ex vivo with vehicle, exendin-4 (100 nM) or forskolin (50 nM). n = 3. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Analyzed by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test (A) or by one way ANOVA (C–E).