Table 2.
Mean (SD) change from Baseline a for Blood Pressure and Eating and Activity Biomarkers by Group
| Observed Means | Estimated Mean Difference over 24 months c | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Standard Advice (SA) | Web-based (W) | Print-mailed (P) | |||
| n=53 b | n=108 b | n=111 b | Pairwise | p-value d | Estimate (95% CI) | |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Comparison | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | ||||||
| Baseline | 128.3 (6.5) | 127.1 (6.7) | 128.3 (5.6) | W vs. SA | 0.048 | -2.1 (-4.6 to 0.4) |
| Change at 6 months (SD) | -5.1 (10.5) | -6.5 (7.8) | -6.1 (8.2) | P vs. SA | NS | -0.9 (-3.4 to 1.6) |
| Change at 12 months (SD) | -5.6 (10.6) | -7.4 (9.5) | -7.2 (8.5) | W vs. P | NS | -1.2 (-3.2 to 0.8) |
| Change at 18 months (SD) | -4.8 (12.2) | -8.1 (10.4) | -6.6 (8.2) | |||
| Change at 24 months (SD) | -4.1 (9.5) | -5.2 (11.7) | -3.8 (9.8) | |||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | ||||||
| Baseline | 76.6 (6.8) | 77.3 (6.7) | 76.9 (6.6) | W vs. SA | NS | -0.2 (-1.7 to 1.3) |
| Change at 6 months (SD) | -3.7 (7.5) | -3.8 (5.9) | -3.4 (5.9) | P vs. SA | NS | 0.3 (-1.2 to 1.8) |
| Change at 12 months (SD) | -3.6 (6.6) | -4.6 (6.3) | -3.8 (5.7) | W vs. P | NS | -0.5 (-1.7 to 0.8) |
| Change at 18 months (SD) | -5.7 (7.7) | -6.1 (7.2) | -5.2 (6.6) | |||
| Change at 24 months (SD) | -5.0 (6.1) | -5.0 (6.7) | -3.4 (6.8) | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| Baseline | 29.7 (4.7) | 28.6 (5.1) | 30.5 (5.4) | W vs. SA | 0.047 | -0.4 (-1.0 to 0.1) |
| Change at 6 months (SD) | -0.6 (1.2) | -0.8 (1.0) | -0.9 (1.4) | P vs. SA | NS | -0.1 (-0.6 to 0.4) |
| Change at 12 months (SD) | -0.3 (1.6) | -0.8 (1.3) | -0.6 (1.9) | W vs. P | NS | -0.3 (-0.7 to 0.1) |
| Change at 18 months (SD) | -0.2 (1.4) | -0.7 (1.4) | -0.4 (2.5) | |||
| Change at 24 months (SD) | -0.2 (1.4) | -0.8 (1.7) | -0.2 (3.0) | |||
| Waist circumference (cm) | ||||||
| Baseline | 97.3 (11.2) | 95.2 (11.9) | 99.4 (13.0) | W vs. SA | 0.017 | -1.6 (-3.1 to -0.1) |
| Change at 6 months (SD) | -1.2 (3.8) | -1.9 (3.9) | -2.6 (5.0) | P vs. SA | 0.016 | -1.6 (-3.1 to -0.1) |
| Change at 12 months (SD) | -1.5 (5.0) | -3.2 (4.4) | -3.6 (5.4) | W vs. P | NS | -0.02 (-1.2 to 1.2) |
| Change at 18 months (SD) | -0.5 (4.2) | -2.1 (4.8) | -2.6 (6.8) | |||
| Change at 24 months (SD) | -1.0 (4.1) | -2.4 (4.8) | -1.8 (7.6) | |||
| Estimated VO2 max (mg/ml/min) | ||||||
| Baseline | 20.8 (7.7) | 22.6 (7.0) | 21.8 (7.4) | W vs. SA | 0.037 | 0.9 (-0.1 to 1.8) |
| Change at 6 months (SD) | 1.9 (3.5) | 2.3 (2.4) | 2.4 (3.1) | P vs. SA | NS | 0.4 (-0.6 to 1.3) |
| Change at 12 months (SD) | 2.0 (4.2) | 1.9 (3.2) | 2.0 (3.5) | W vs. P | NS | 0.5 (-0.3 to 1.3) |
| Change at 18 months (SD) | 1.7 (3.9) | 2.5 (3.0) | 2.1 (3.8) | |||
| Change at 24 months (SD) | 0.9 (4.6) | 1.7 (3.0) | 1.1 (3.6) | |||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | ||||||
| Baseline | 194.7 (32.9) | 201.9 (34.8) | 194.9 (33.9) | W vs. SA | 0.215e | 2.53 (-3.75 to 8.81) |
| Change at 6 months (SD) | 1.0 (21.5) | 1.7 (27.1) | -0.5 (24.6) | P vs. SA | 0.375 | -1.02 (-7.29 to 5.25) |
| Change at 12 months (SD) | 1.6 (19.1) | -0.04 (23.7) | -1.8 (22.3) | W vs. P | 0.168 | 3.55 (-1.51 to 8.60) |
| Change at 24 months (SD) | 3.3 (27.3) | 6.8 (30.0) | 4.5 (30.9) | |||
| HDL (mg/dL) | ||||||
| Baseline | 57.3 (12.7) | 58.3 (15.4) | 56.0 (12.5) | W vs. SA | 0.155 | 1.01 (-.95 to 2.98) |
| Change at 6 months (SD) | -3.6 (7.8) | -2.6 (7.6) | -2.8 (6.6) | P vs. SA | 0.163 | 0.98 (-.98 to 2.95) |
| Change at 12 months (SD) | -2.4 (7.4) | -1.5 (8.6) | -1.1 (7.1) | W vs. P | 0.968 | .03 (-1.55 to 1.62) |
| Change at 24 months (SD) | -5.7 (7.7) | -5.5 (9.1) | -5.0 (7.0) | |||
| LDL (mg/dL) | ||||||
| Baseline | 114.7 (27.0) | 118.5 (32.2) | 115.0 (29.6) | W vs. SA | 0.264e | 1.79 (-3.78 to 7.37) |
| Change at 6 months (SD) | 1.4 (17.5) | 4.0 (24.6) | 3.1 (21.7) | P vs. SA | 0.455 | -0.32 (-5.89 to 5.25) |
| Change at 12 months (SD) | 2.3 (16.8) | 1.2 (20.2) | 0.6 (20.3) | W vs. P | 0.356 | 2.11 (-2.39 to 6.61) |
| Change at 24 months (SD) | 11.5 (19.0) | 13.6 (25.8) | 10.8 (27.1) | |||
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | ||||||
| Baseline | 113.5 (55.1) | 127.5 (72.3) | 119.4 (57.4) | W vs. SA | 0.114 | -6.2 (-16.4 to 3.9) |
| Change at 6 months (SD) | 16.1 (43.5) | 1.3 (43.4) | -4.8 (42.9) | P vs. SA | 0.014 | -11.5 (-21.6 to -1.3) |
| Change at 12 months (SD) | 8.0 (40.4) | -2.0 (46.3) | -6.0 (36.6) | W vs. P | 0.207 | 5.2 (-2.9 to 13.4) |
| Change at 24 months (SD) | -1.3 (38.1) | -6.7 (41.6) | -6.2 (43.5) | |||
aNegative change values indicate a decrease from baseline.
bn’s reflect group sizes at baseline, excluding those having no followup data (n = 17).
cPairwise comparisons of groups based on estimated marginal means adjusted for age and baseline value of outcome using linear mixed model methods to conduct patterned covariance analysis.
dComparisons of Web-based and Print-mailed with Standard Advice were one-tailed, Web-based with Print-mailed was two-tailed, each tested at α = .05.
eEffect was not in the hypothesized direction.