Table 4.

Preconception risk factors according to maternity clinics

Preconception risk factors	All (n = 2 212)		Verbania (n = 320)	Genova (n = 393)	Fidenza (n = 220)	Pisa (n = 202)	Roma Fatebenefratelli (n = 511)	Roma Santo Spirito (n = 240)	Benevento (n = 326)
	n	%	%	%	%	%	%	%	%
Folic acid
No	351	16.0	39.9	11.7	13.4	14.5	10.8	9.6	13.7
At least one month before	256	11.7	7.9	15.0	8.8	11.0	14.3	16.3	6.2
At least six month before	259	11.8	8.2	16.0	7.8	14.5	14.1	15.4	5.0
Soon after pregnancy diagnosis	1201	54.9	40.2	53.7	59.0	55.5	53.8	57.5	67.3
After 1 trimester	122	5.6	3.8	3.6	11.1	4.5	7.0	1.3	7.8
Smoking at LMP
Yes	583	26.4	23.1	22.6	27.3	32.7	25.8	28.3	28.5
No	1 629	73.6	76.9	77.4	72.3	67.3	74.2	71.7	71.5
Smoking after pregnancy confirmation
Yes	181	8.2	7.2	8.4	10.5	9.4	7.0	7.1	9.2
No	2 031	91.8	92.8	91.6	89.5	90.6	93.0	92.9	90.8
Second-hand smoking
Yes	287	14.3	6.1	10.9	11.5	9.7	17.0	11.2	27.8
No	1 715	85.7	93.9	89.1	88.5	90.3	83.0	88.8	72.2
BMI before pregnancy
Underweight	184	8.4	9.7	11.7	6.5	7.5	7.9	9.2	4.9
Normal range	1 588	72.2	71.1	71.8	75.6	72.1	78.3	70.4	63.4
Overweight	305	13.9	14.2	12.0	13.8	15.9	10.7	12.5	20.6
Obese	123	5.6	5.0	4.6	4.1	4.5	3.2	7.9	11.1
Pregestational disease
Yes	208	9.5	6.4	7.4	6.9	12.9	16.6	6.9	5.6
No	1 981	90.5	93.6	92.6	93.1	87.1	83.4	93.1	94.4
Specific disease
Hypothyroidism	117	5.3	3.2	2.5	5.0	7.5	9.7	5.2	3.1
Thrombophilia	16	0.7	0.3	1.0	0.5	0.5	1.6	0.0	0.3
Hypertension	13	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.0	0.5	1.4	0.0	0.3
Asthma	10	0.5	0.3	0.5	0.0	0.5	0.6	0.4	0.6
Medication use during first trimester
Yes	539	25.7	17.7	24.3	27.6	28.2	36.0	16.4	23.7
No	1 562	74.3	82.3	75.7	72.4	71.8	64.0	83.6	76.3