Table 1.

Selected transduction methods and rated performance measurements for biosensing.

Transduction method	Transduction mechanism	Simultaneous multiple analyte detection +++	Real-time capability +++	Fabrication speed and customizability +++
Immunofluorescence	Fluorescent molecule specific binding	++	+	+++
Micro-cantilevers	Actuation during binding event	+++	+	+
Surface plasmon resonance	Adsorption or binding changes local index of refraction and resonance of surface plasmon waves	-	+++	+++
Resonance energy transfer	Specific binding or interaction enables emission from and detection of target	++	+++	+
Impedance	Impedance of cell membrane measured	-	+++	++