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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Dec 12.
Published in final edited form as: J Neurobiol. 2005 Dec;65(3):251–259. doi: 10.1002/neu.20187

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Schematic view of zebra finch CNS showing the relative locations of songbird vocal nuclei and their axonal connections. Two nuclei in the caudal telencephalon (HVC and RA) are important during song learning and adult vocal behavior, whereas song regions in the anterior fore-brain (lMAN, DLM, Area X, the pallial-basal ganglia-thalamic loop) play an important role in vocal plasticity but are not necessary for maintenance of stereotyped adult vocal behavior. Here we propose that HVC input to RA drives ZENK mRNA and lMAN input modulates translation of ZENK protein (see text for additional details). Avian brain regions are referred to by their modern nomenclature (Reiner et al., 2004). Abbreviations: Area X, Area X of subpallium; DLM, medial portion of the dorsolateral nucleus of the thalamus; DM/ICo, dorsomedial nucleus of the intercollicular complex; HVC, high vocal center; lMAN, lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium; RA, robust nucleus of the arcopallium; nXIIts, hypoglossal nucleus, tracheosyringeal portion.