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. 2014 Jul 16;211(1):10–18. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiu393

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© The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.

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Figure 1. — Protease inhibitors decrease trophoblast progesterone production in vitro. A, BeWo cells, a human cytotrophoblast cell line, were treated for 24 hours with 10 times the minimal effective dose (see Methods) of zidovudine (ZDV), lamivudine (3TC), nevirapine (NVP), ritonavir (RTV), atazanavir (ATV), darunavir (DRV), or lopinavir (LPV). B, BeWo cells were treated for 24 hours with combinations of ZDV plus 3TC and RTV-boosted ATV (ATV/r), DRV (DRV/r), or LPV (LPV/r). Control cells (Ctr) were treated with dimethyl sulfoxide at a final concentration of <0.1%. Cells incubated in hypoxic conditions (1% oxygen; Hyp) were used as a positive control. Progesterone levels were measured by competitive enzyme immunoassay and were corrected for the number of cells per well. Progesterone levels are expressed as percentage of the median control value. Data displayed are means±standard errors of the mean for 3–6 independent experiments. *P < .05 and **P < .01 for comparisons of each value with the control, by analysis of variance with the Dunnett post hoc test.