Table 1.
Frequently investigated nutraceuticals in pancreatic cancer
| Nutraceutical | Structure | Sources | Main Effects |
|---|---|---|---|
| Genistein |
|
Soybeans, lupin, fava beans, kudzu, psoralea | Tyrosine kinase inhibitor, antioxidant, binding to ER, anti-cancer |
| Biochanin A |
|
Red clover, soy, alfalfa sprouts, peanuts, chickpea, other legumes | As a phytoestrogen, fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor, antioxidant, anti- cancer. |
| curcumin |
|
Turmeric from Curcuma longa | Antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anti- cancer |
| (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate |
|
Green tea, white tea | Antioxidant, DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, anti-atherogenic, anti-cancer |
| Indole-3-carbinol |
|
Cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale | Antioxidant, anti-atherogenic, anti-cancer |
| 3,3′-diindolylmethane |
|
Cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, kale | Derived from the digestion of indole-3-carbinol. Antioxidant, anti-cancer |
| Resveratrol |
|
Grapes, Vitis vinifera, labrusca, mulberries, and peanuts. Highest concentration is in the skin. | Antioxidant, anti-atherogenic, anti-cancer |
| Lycopene |
|
Tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables such as red carrots, watermelons, papayas | Antioxidant, anti-cancer |
| Garcinol |
|
The rind of Garcinia indica fruit | Inhibitor of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) p300, anti-inflammation, antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial |
| Apigenin |
|
Many fruits and vegetables such as parsley, celery, artichokes | Casein kinase II (CK2) inhibitor, anti-inflammation, anti-cancer |
| Benzyl isothiocyanate |
|
Cruciferous vegetables | Antioxidant, anti-cancer |
| Sulforaphane |
|
Cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, Brussels sprouts or cabbages | Anti-microbial, anti-cancer |
| Triphendiol |
|
A synthetic isoflavene | Broadly cytostatic and cytotoxic against most forms of human cancer cells |
| Metformin |
|
Plant Galega officinalis | Anti-diabetes, anti-cancer |
| Thymoquinone |
|
Plant Nigella sativa | Anti-epileptic effects, analgesic, anticonvulsant, HDAC inhibitor, anti-cancer |
| Emodin |
|
Root of Rheum palmatum, buckthorn, Japanese knotweed | 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, anti-cancer |
| Triptolide |
|
Thunder God Vine, Tripterygium wilfordii | Immunosuppression, anti-inflammation, anti-cancer |
| Plumbagin |
|
Plumbago, Drosera, Nepenthes, black walnut drupe | Anti-inflammation, anti-microbial, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-malarial, anti-cancer |