Table 3.

Bacterial genes involved in biofilm formation and/or survival on plants

Gene	Function	Pathogen	Plant/part	Method	Comments	Reference
adrA	Regulation of cellulose synthesis	S. Newport	Alfalfa sprouts	Directed deletion	No effect on survival 24–48 hpi	(Barak et al., 2007)
aroA	5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase	S. Typhimurium	Red tomatoes	Directed deletion	reduction in survival	(Noel et al., 2010)
bcsA	Cellulose synthase	S. Enteritidis	Alfalfa sprouts	Directed deletion	2 log reduction in survival	(Barak et al., 2007)
bcsA	Cellulose synthase	S. Typhimurium	Red tomatoes	Directed deletion	No effect on survival	(Noel et al., 2010)
csgB/bcsA	Curli/Cellulose	S. Enteritidis	Alfalfa sprouts	Directed deletion	1.5 log reduction in survival	(Barak et al., 2007)
csgA	Curli subunit	E. coli K-12 and E. coli O157:H7	lettuce leaves	Transposon insertion	0.5–3 log reduction in survival	(Fink et al., 2012)
csgA	Curli subunit	E. coli O157:H7	Spinach grown on hydroponics and in soil	Directed deletion and overexpression	No effect on root uptake and internalization	(Macarisin et al., 2014)
csgB/csgC	Curli subunit and curli assembly	S. Typhimurium	Red tomatoes	Directed deletion	No effect on survival	(Noel et al., 2010)
csgD	Regulation of biofilm and rdar morphotype	S. Typhimurium	Tomato leaves and fruits	Directed deletion and point mutation	rdar morphotype better survived in the plant	(Gu et al., 2011)
csrB/csrC	sRNAs, Global regulation	S. Typhimurium	Red tomatoes	Directed deletion	No effect on survival	(Noel et al., 2010)
cysB	Regulation of cysteine operon and antibiotic resistance	S. Typhimurium	Red tomatoes	Directed deletion	reduction in survival	(Noel et al., 2010)
flhDC	Flagella regulators	S. Typhimurium	Red tomatoes	Transposon insertion	No effect on survival	(Noel et al., 2010)
flhF	Flagella	S. Typhimurium	Red tomatoes	Directed deletion	No effect on survival	(Noel et al., 2010)
hilA	Regulator of virulence genes	S. Typhimurium	Red tomatoes	Directed deletion	Trend of improved survival	(Noel et al., 2010)
lpfA	Long polar fimbriae	S. Typhimurium	Red tomatoes	Directed deletion	No effect on survival	(Noel et al., 2010)
motA	Flagella motor	S. Typhimurium	Red tomatoes	Transposon insertion	Improved survival	(Noel et al., 2010)
pgaC	Poly-β-1,6-N-acetylglucosamine production	E. coli	Alfalfa sprouts	Transposon insertion	Decreased biofilm formation	(Matthysse et al., 2008)
sirA	Type VI secretion protein	S. Typhimurium	Red tomatoes	Directed deletion	Improved survival	(Noel et al., 2010)
sirA	Type VI secretion protein	S. Typhimurium and Saintpaul	Spinach leaves Grape tomatoes	Directed deletion	2 log reduction in survival	(Salazar et al., 2013)
wcaD	Colanic acid production	E. coli	Alfalfa sprouts	Transposon insertion	Lowers biofilm formation	(Matthysse et al., 2008)
wcaJ	Colanic acid production	S. Enteritidis	Alfalfa sprouts	Directed deletion	No effect on survival	(Barak et al., 2007)
ycfR	Putative membrane protein involved in stress response and biofilm	E. coli K-12 and E. coli O157:H7	Lettuce leaves	Transposon insertion	1.5–3 log reduction in survival	(Fink et al., 2012)
yhjN	Cellulose production	E. coli	Alfalfa sprouts	Transposon insertion	Lowers biofilm formation	(Matthysse et al., 2008)
yihO	O-antigen capsule assembly	S. Enteritidis	Alfalfa sprouts	Directed deletion	2.5 log reduction in survival 24 hpi	(Barak et al., 2007)
yihT	O-antigen capsule assembly	S. Typhimurium	Green and red tomatoes	Directed deletion	2–3 log reduction in survival 34 dpa on green tomatoes and in fruits defective in ethylene perception	(Marvasi et al., 2013)