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. 2014 May 13;37(8):1810–1825. doi: 10.1111/pce.12336

Table 4.

Emission rates in g kg−1 dry matter of VOCs and other compounds proposed by Akagi et al. (2011) for modelling emissions from vegetation combustion

Compound emitted Tropical forests Savannah Crop residues Boreal forests Temperate forest
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 1643 (58) 1686 (38) 1585 (100) 1489 (121) 1637 (71)
Carbon monoxide (CO) 93 (27) 63 (17) 102 (33) 127 (45) 89 (32)
Nitrogen oxides (NOx as NO) 2.55 (1.40) 3.9 (0.80) 3.11 (1.57) 0.90 (0.69) 2.51 (1.02)
Nitrous acid (HONO) 1.18 (0.20) 0.16 (0.07) 0.52 (0.15) 0.52 (0.15)
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 0.40 (0.19) 0.48 (0.27)
Ammonia (NH3) 1.33 (1.21) 0.52 (0.35) 2.17 (1.27) 2.72 (2.32) 0.78 (0.82)
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) 0.42 (0.26) 0.41 (0.15) 0.29 (0.38) 1.52 (0.82) 0.73 (0.19)
Methane (CH4) 5.07 (1.98) 1.94 (0.85) 5.82 (3.56) 5.96 (3.14) 3.92 (2.39)
Alkanes
 Ethane (C2H6) 0.71 (0.28) 0.66 (0.41) 0.91 (0.49) 1.79 (1.14) 1.12 (0.67)
 Propane (C3H8) 0.126 (0.060) 0.10 (0.067) 0.28 (0.15) 0.44 0.26 (0.11)
 n-Butane (C4H10) 0.038 (0.023) 0.016 (0.013) 0.072 (0.036) 0.12 0.083 (0.10)
 i-Butane (C4H10) 0.011 (0.009) 0.0043 (0.0027) 0.025 (0.013) 0.042
 n-Pentane (C5H12) 8.03 × 10−3 0.0032 (0.0032) 0.025 (0.012) 0.085
 i-Pentane (C5H12) 0.010 (0.010) 0.0022 (0.0032) 0.020 (0.012) 0.038
 Cyclopentane (C5H10) 0.0019 (0.0012)
 2 + 3-Methylpentane (C6H14) 0.036
 n-Hexane (C6H14) 0.01 0.013 (0.0074) 0.055
Alkenes
 Ethylene (C2H4) 1.06 (0.37) 0.82 (0.35) 1.46 (0.59) 1.42 (0.43) 1.12 (0.35)
 Propylene (C3H6) 0.64 (0.43) 0.79 (0.56) 0.68 (0.37) 1.13 (0.60) 0.95 (0.54)
 1-Butene (C4H8) 0.079 (0.024) 0.043 (0.022) 0.134 (0.060) 0.16
 i-Butene (C4H8) 0.11 (0.051) 0.024 (0.0051) 0.117 (0.060) 0.11
 trans-2-Butene (C4H8) 0.029 (0.013) 0.011 (0.0055) 0.057 (0.030) 0.04
 cis-2-Butene (C4H8) 0.024 (0.010) 0.0084 (0.0043) 0.043 (0.023) 0.03
 trans-2-Pentene (C5H10) 3.30 × 10−3 0.0045 (0.0028)
 cis-2-Pentene (C5H10) 1.90 × 10−3 0.0025 (0.0018)
 3-Methyl-1-butene (C5H10) 3.80 × 10−3 0.0051 (0.0034)
 2-Methyl-2-butene (C5H10) 4.00 × 10−3 0.0048 (0.0035)
 2-Methyl-1-butene (C5H10) 4.40 × 10−3 0.0059 (0.0037)
 2-Methyl-1-pentene (C6H12) 2.80 × 10−3 0.0035 (0.0021)
Dienes trienes and terpenes
 Propadiene (C3H4) 0.016 (0.006) 0.012 (0.005)
 1,3-Butadiene (C4H6) 0.039 0.052 (0.028) 0.151 (0.072) 0.14
 Isoprene (C5H8) 0.13 (0.056) 0.039 (0.027) 0.38 (0.16) 0.15
α-Pinene (C10H16) 1.64
β-Pinene (C10H16) 1.45
Alkynes
 Acetylene (C2H2) 0.44 (0.35) 0.24 (0.10) 0.27 (0.08) 0.18 (0.10) 0.29 (0.10)
 Propyne (C3H4) 0.059
Arenes and substituted arenes
 Benzene (C6H6) 0.39 (0.16) 0.20 (0.084) 0.15 (0.04) 1.11
 Toluene (C7H8) 0.26 (0.13) 0.080 (0.058) 0.19 (0.06) 0.48
 Xylenes (C8H10) 0.11 (0.082) 0.014 (0.024) 0.18
 Ethylbenzene (C8H10) 0.050 (0.036) 0.006 (0.010) 0.051
 n-Propylbenzene (C9H12) 0.018
 3-Ethyltoluene (C9H12) 0.024
 2-Ethyltoluene (C9H12) 0.011
 4-Ethyltoluene (C9H12) 0.015
 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene (C9H12) 0.051
 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene (C9H12) 0.03
 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene (C9H12) 5.86 × 10−3
 Phenol (C6H5OH) 0.45 (0.088) 0.52 (0.36) 0.52 (0.14) 2.96 0.33 (0.38)
Aldehydes
 Formaldehyde (HCHO) 1.73 (1.22) 0.73 (0.62) 2.08 (0.84) 1.86 (1.26) 2.27 (1.13)
 Glycolaldehyde (C2H4O2) 2.84 0.81 (0.38) 2.01 (0.38) 0.77 0.25 (0.45)
 Acetaldehyde (C2H4O) 1.55 (0.75) 0.57 (0.30) 1.24 (0.28)
 Acrolein (C3H4O) 0.65 (0.23)
 Propanal (C3H6O) 0.10 (0.026)
 Methyl propanal (C4H8O) 0.18 (0.075)
 Methacrolein (C4H6O) 0.15 (0.045) 0.087
 Crotonaldehyde (C4H6O) 0.24 (0.068)
 Hexanal (C6H12O) 0.01 (0.005)
 Furaldehydes 0.29 (0.0010)
Ketones
 Acetone (C3H6O) 0.63 (0.17) 0.16 (0.13) 0.45 (0.07) 0.75
 Acetol (C3H6O2) 1.13 (0.12) 0.45 (0.24) 3.77 (0.91)
 Methyl ethyl ketone (C4H8O) 0.50 (0.21) 0.22
 Methyl vinyl ketone (C4H6O) 0.39 (0.11) 0.2
 2,3-Butanedione (C4H6O2) 0.73 (0.22)
 2-Pentanone (C5H10O) 0.08 (0.024)
 3-Pentanone (C5H10O 0.03 (0.011)
Alcohols
 Methanol (CH3OH) 2.43 (0.80) 1.18 (0.41) 3.29 (1.38) 2.82 (1.62) 1.93 (1.38)
 Ethanol (C2H5OH) 0.055
 Carboxylic acids
 Formic acid (HCO2H) 0.79 (0.66) 0.21 (0.096) 1.00 (0.49) 0.57 (0.46) 0.35 (0.33)
 Acetic acid (CH3CO2H) 3.05 (0.90) 3.55 (1.47) 5.59 (2.55) 4.41 (2.66) 1.97 (1.66)
Esters
 Methyl vinyl ether (C3H6O) 0.16 (0.045) 0.08 (0.01)
Heterocyclic aromatics 5 rings
 Furan (C4H4O) 0.41 (0.10) 0.17 (0.058) 0.11 (0.04) 0.80 (0.50) 0.20 (0.21)
 3-Methylfuran (C5H6O) 0.59 (0.20)
 2-Methylfuran (C5H6O) 0.08 (0.028)
 Other substituted furans 1.21 (0.016)
 Pyrrole (C4H5N) 0.12 (0.038)
Alkyl nitriles
 Acetonitrile (CH3CN) 0.41 (0.10) 0.11 (0.058) 0.21 (0.06) 0.61
 Propenenitrile (C3H3N) 0.04 (0.01) 0.051 (0.022) 0.03 (0.002)
 Propanenitrile (C3H5N) 0.09 0.031 (0.014) 0.06 (0.002)
Sulphur compounds
 Dimethyl sulphide (C2H6S) 1.35 × 10−3 0.0013 (0.0011) 4.65 × 10−3
 Carbonyl Sulphide (OCS) 0.025 0.46 (0.47)
Alkyl halides
 Chloromethane (CH3Cl) 0.053 (0.038) 0.055 (0.036) 0.059
 Trichloromethane (CHCl3) 2.94 × 10−4 0.012 (0.020)

Data in brackets are the observed variations.

VOC, volatile organic compound.