Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants
| Controls | HFHS-S | HFHS-F | HS-S | HS-F | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 5 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 8 | |
| Age (y) | 23.0 ± 3.1 | 22.6 ± 2.9 | 21.5 ± 1.9 | 22.0 ± 2.5 | 21.9 ± 2.8 | 0.84 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.6 ± 2.3 | 22.3 ± 1.0 | 22.5 ± 1.5 | 21.7 ± 1.1 | 22.6 ± 1.8 | 0.90 |
| Weight (kg) | 76.6 ± 7.7 | 78.0 ± 5.6 | 81.3 ± 8.1 | 77.4 ± 7.9 | 81.0 ± 8.8 | 0.70 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 79.9 ± 5.4 | 80.7 ± 3.1 | 83.3 ± 3.3 | 79.0 ± 4.9 | 82.4 ± 3.2 | 0.25 |
| Leptin (ng/ml) | 2.8 ± 1.7 | 3.0 ± 1.5 | 3.3 ± 1.4 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 3.7 ± 1.4 | 0.14 |
| Resting energy expenditure (kCal/kg) | 23.7 ± 1.8 | 23.9 ± 2.6 | 24.1 ± 2.0 | 22.4 ± 2.5 | 24.5 ± 2.6 | 0.12 |
| Caloric intake (kCal/day) | 2490 ± 262 | 2566 ± 317 | 2616 ± 323 | 2353 ± 503 | 2456 ± 292 | 0.64 |
| Carbohydrate intake (% of total kCal) | 51 ± 8 | 45 ± 4 | 45 ± 5 | 45 ± 4 | 40 ± 5 | 0.02 |
| Fat intake (% of total kCal) | 29 ± 4 | 31 ± 5 | 35 ± 5 | 32 ± 6 | 39 ± 5 | 0.006 |
| Protein intake (% of total kCal) | 15 ± 3 | 15 ± 2 | 16 ± 2 | 16 ± 2 | 16 ± 2 | 0.48 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 4.7 ± 0.3 | 4.7 ± 0.2 | 4.7 ± 0.1 | 4.9 ± 0.2 | 0.61 |
| Insulin (pmol/L) | 45.0 ± 13.4 | 40.1 ± 8.6 | 55.0 ± 21.5 | 37.0 ± 11.4 | 57.7 ± 28.7 | 0.21 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 0.19 |
| Plasma TG (mmol/L) | 0.73 ± 0.29 | 0.70 ± 0.49 | 0.56 ± 0.20 | 0.60 ± 0.21 | 0.70 ± 0.37 | 0.90 |
| Free fatty acids (mmol/L) | 0.60 ± 0.27 | 0.33 ± 0.09 | 0.54 ± 0.23 | 0.48 ± 0.20 | 0.68 ± 0.28 | 0.09 |
| Hepatic TAG Content (%) | 1.34 ± 0.54 | 0.86 ± 0.34 | 0.98 ± 0.91 | 0.80 ± 0.49 | 1.49 ± 0.95 | 0.13 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD. Glucose, insulin, triglycerides (TG) and free fatty acids were determined in the fasting state.