Table 5.
Analysis of CMA by covariates in relation to timing of generic substitution among those who experienced generic substitution (n = 82,532)
| Parameter | Difference in estimate (%) | p-value |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||
| Female | (reference) | – |
| Male | 0.7 | 0.07 |
| Age (years) | ||
| 18–39 | (reference) | – |
| 40–49 | 8.6 | <.0001 |
| 50–59 | 13.3 | <.0001 |
| 60–69 | 16.9 | <.0001 |
| 70–79 | 17.6 | <.0001 |
| 80– | - | -a |
| Level of education | ||
| Primary school | (reference) | – |
| Secondary school | −0.1 | 0.8 |
| University | −0.02 | 1.0 |
| Background | ||
| Swedish | (reference) | – |
| Migrant | −4.1 | <.0001 |
| Drugs prior to index | ||
| 0 | (reference) | – |
| 1 | 0.1 | 0.9 |
| 2–4 | 0.6 | 0.3 |
| 5– | 2.8 | <.0001 |
| Previous cardiovascular disease | ||
| No | (reference) | – |
| Yes | 11.2 | <.0001 |
| Pharmacological diabetes treatment | ||
| No | (reference) | – |
| Insulin only | −1.2 | 0.2 |
| Oral antidiabetics only or both insulin and oral antidiabetics | 3.7 | <.0001 |
Differences in continuous measure of medication acquisition (CMA) for those who experienced generic substitution at first purchase, compared to subsequent substitution by each covariate, analysed with ANCOVA. The first class of each covariate is used as a reference (N = 82,532).
aData on educational level was not available for individuals 80 years and older. Thus, this age group was excluded from the analysis.