. 2015 Jan;36:551–564. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.10.043

Table 3.

Standardised effects of childhood predictors and impairment on adolescent participation.^a

	Mealtimes	Health hygiene	Personal care	Communication	Home life	Mobility
(a) Daily life activities
^bRMSEA	0.039	0.046	0.038	0.048	0.038	0.041
^cR²	0.90	0.82	0.67	0.88	0.82	0.77
Indirect effects of childhood predictors
Childhood pain – total		−0.18^***	−0.06^**	0.06^**	−0.05^**	−0.05^*
- Via childhood participation		−0.12^***	−0.05^**	0.06^**	−0.05^*	−0.05^*
- Via adolescent pain		−0.04^**
- Via adolescent psychological problems			−0.01^*		−0.01^.
- Via adolescent parenting stress		−0.02^*
Childhood psychological problem – total			−0.07^***	−0.11^***	−0.04^*
- Via childhood participation				−0.07^***
- Via adolescent pain
- Via adolescent psychological problems			−0.07^***	−0.03^*	−0.04^*
- Via adolescent parenting stress
Childhood parenting stress – total		−0.11^***	−0.04^**			−0.07^**
- Via childhood participation		−0.04^.	−0.03^*			−0.07^**
- Via adolescent pain
- Via adolescent psychological problems
- Via adolescent parenting stress		−0.07^**
Direct and indirect effects of impairment
Total effect	−0.88^***	−0.79^***	−0.69^***	−0.87^***	−0.81^***	−0.75^***
- Direct effect	−0.39^*	−0.29^**	−0.51^***	−0.29^***	−0.41^***	−0.42^***
- Indirect effect via childhood participation^d	−0.48^**	−0.37^***	−0.15^***	−0.58^***	−0.37^***	−0.29^***

	Responsibilities	Relationships	School	Recreation
(b) Social roles
RMSEA	0.043	0.043	0.045	0.037
R²	0.88	0.41	0.61	0.76
Indirect effects of childhood predictors
Childhood pain – total	−0.01^*	−0.14^***	−0.05^**	−0.05^*
- Via childhood participation		−0.12^***	−0.03^.	−0.04.
- Via adolescent pain
- Via adolescent psychological problems	−0.01^*		−0.02^*	−0.01^*
- Via adolescent parenting stress		−0.02.
Childhood psychological problems - total	−0.17^***	−0.11^**	−0.14^***	−0.11^***
- Via childhood participation	−0.12^***	−0.11^**	−0.04^**	−0.04.
- Via adolescent pain
- Via adolescent psychological problems	−0.05^**		−0.10^***	−0.07^**
- Via adolescent parenting stress
Childhood parenting stress – total		−0.18^***	−0.05^*	−0.05^*
- Via childhood participation		−0.11^**	−0.03^*	−0.04.
- Via adolescent pain
- Via adolescent psychological problems			−0.01^.	−0.01^.
- Via adolescent parenting stress		−0.07^*
Direct and indirect effects of impairment
Total effect	−0.84^***	−0.37^***	−0.63^***	−0.72^***
- Direct effect	−0.35^***	−0.03.	−0.42^***	−0.31^***
- Indirect effect via childhood participation^d	−0.47^***	−0.21^***	−0.17^***	−0.36^***

The model controlled for region, gender and age.

Statistical significance:

0.01 < p < 0.05.

^**

0.001 < p < 0.01.

^***

p < 0.001.

p > 0.5

RMSEA = goodness of fit index of the estimated model.

R² = proportion of latent adolescent participation variance explained by the model.

Indirect effects of impairment on adolescent participation via pathways that involved child and adolescent pain, psychological problems and parenting stress were generally negligible.