Table 1.
Prevalence of albuminuria and impaired glomerular filtration rate in diabetic patients
| Ref. | Population (Nationality) | Albuminuria prevalence | Impaired GFR prevalence |
| Parving et al[13] | International DEMAND study of 33 countries 2006 32208 type 2 diabetic patients | Microalbuminuria: 39% Macroalbuminuria: 10% | 22% |
| Bos et al[108] data from: Herman et al[109] Hamed et al[111] | Northern Africa Systematic review of PubMed 1990-2012 > 18 years old diabetic patients | Egypt 1998: Albuminuria: 21%[109] Sudan 2008 (insulin treated diabetic patients): Albuminuria: 22%[110] | Egypt 1998-Outpatient clinics: 6.7%[109] Egypt 1995-Hospital inpatients: 46.3%[111] |
| Icks A and Koch M Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in diseases. In: Wolf G. Diabetes and Kidney Disease[11], data from: Chadban et al[112] | Australia AusDiab study: a national population-based cross-sectional survey > 25 years old diabetic patients | 8.70% proteinuria-spot urine protein to creatinine ratio (abnormal: > 0.20 mg/mg) | 27.60% |
| Unnikrishnan et al[113] | Southern India CURES 45 study 17, 16 type 2 diabetic patients | Microalbuminuria: 36.9% Macroalbuminuria: 2.2% | - |
| Icks A and Koch M Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in diseases. In: Wolf G. Diabetes and Kidney Disease[11], data from: Lin et al[114] | Taiwan Community-based screening 1999–2001 > 30 years old type 2 diabetic patients | 29.40% proteinuria-spot urine protein to creatinine ratio (abnormal: > 0.20 mg/mg) | 15.10% |
| Yang et al[115] | China A nationally representative sample from 14 provinces and municipalities > 20 years old diabetic patients | 17.30% | 19.10% |
| Lou Arnal et al[116] | Spain A survey of 16 Health Centers of the Alcañiz Health Sector 2008 > 18 years old, 3466 type 2 diabetic patients | 31.70% | 25.20% |
| Detournay et al[117] | France ENTRED data 2007 A survey of the national public prescription claims database Type 2 diabetic patients | - | 22% |
| Collins et al[14] | United Status NHANES study 2005-2010 Adult diabetic patients | 29.90% | 19.30% |
| Al-Rubeaan et al[54] | Saudi Arabia SNDR data > 25 yr, 54670 type 2 diabetic patients | Microalbuminuria: 1.2% Macroalbuminuria: 8.1% | GFR < 30 mL/min per 1.73 m2: 1.50% |
Albuminuria: Albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) > 30 mg/g; Microalbuminuria: UACR 30-300 mg/g; Macroalbuminuria: UACR > 300 mg/g; Impaired glomerular filtration rate (GFR): Estimated GFR < 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2; DEMAND: Developing Education on Microalbuminuria for Awareness of renal and cardiovascular risk in Diabetes study; AusDiab: The Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study; CURES: Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study; ENTRED: Échantillon national témoin représentatif des personnes diabétiques (National Representative Sample of Diabetic Patients); NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; SNDR: Saudi National Diabetes Registry.