FIGURE 1—

Number of studies showing positive, negative, and no impact on (a) any outcome measure by policy area, (b) government policies by type of objective, and (c) people, places, and products by type of objective.

Note. Outcomes were deemed either “positive” or “negative” on the basis of whether they aligned or contradicted treaties’ own stated goals as found in their preamble text. We coded studies that drew both positive and negative conclusions twice in the bar chart coloring but only once in the tally of studies presented beside each label. This explains why there are 2 studies evaluating the impact of international law on immunity agreements for international crimes although the bar chart coloring indicates that 66% of studies found a positive impact and 33% found a negative impact. This also explains why there are 4 studies evaluating the impact of international law on peace yet the bar chart coloring indicates that 2 studies found a positive impact, 2 found a negative impact, and 1 found no impact. The figure does not show the impact of international laws on derogation from rights, economic sanctions, public support, and water levels because these 4 outcome measures were only evaluated in a single study each.