TABLE 2—
Logistic Regression of Youth Happiness on Screen-Based Media Use and Sports Participation: UK Household Longitudinal Study, 2009
| Variable | Happy,a % | Model 1: Bivariate, OR (95% CI) | Model 2: Multivariate Adjusted for Confounders,b OR (95% CI) | Model 3: Multivariate Fully Adjusted,c OR (95% CI) |
| Chatting on social Web sites, h/d | ||||
| < 1 (Ref) | 12.91 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1–3 | 6.68 | 0.48 (0.37, 0.62) | 0.61 (0.47, 0.81) | 0.69 (0.52, 0.92) |
| ≥ 4 | 5.98 | 0.43 (0.26, 0.72) | 0.61 (0.36, 1.05) | 0.78 (0.44, 1.36) |
| Playing computer games on school day, h/d | ||||
| < 1 (Ref) | 13.20 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1–3 | 8.23 | 0.59 (0.47, 0.73) | 0.62 (0.50, 0.77) | 0.75 (0.59, 0.95) |
| ≥ 4 | 6.03 | 0.42 (0.26, 0.68) | 0.56 (0.35, 0.91) | 0.74 (0.44, 1.22) |
| Using game console on school day, h/d | ||||
| < 1 (Ref) | 11.65 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1–3 | 8.63 | 0.72 (0.56, 0.91) | 0.68 (0.52, 0.88) | 0.77 (0.59, 1.00) |
| ≥ 4 | 8.11 | 0.67 (0.41, 1.11) | 0.71 (0.42, 1.20) | 0.92 (0.55, 1.54) |
| Watching TV on school day, h/d | ||||
| < 1 (Ref) | 12.39 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1–3 | 10.64 | 0.84 (0.67, 1.06) | 0.83 (0.66, 1.04) | 0.91 (0.72, 1.16) |
| ≥ 4 | 7.54 | 0.58 (0.41, 0.81) | 0.53 (0.37, 0.76) | 0.64 (0.44, 0.93) |
| Sports participation, d/wk | ||||
| < 1 | 5.95 | 0.36 (0.21, 0.59) | 0.40 (0.24, 0.67) | 0.43 (0.25, 0.74) |
| 1–2 | 6.98 | 0.42 (0.30, 0.58) | 0.44 (0.31, 0.62) | 0.46 (0.33, 0.64) |
| 3–4 | 8.18 | 0.50 (0.38, 0.66) | 0.50 (0.38, 0.67) | 0.52 (0.39, 0.70) |
| 5–6 | 11.82 | 0.75 (0.57, 1.00) | 0.75 (0.57, 1.00) | 0.77 (0.58, 1.02) |
| 7 (Ref) | 15.10 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Note. CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio.
a
Top decile of happiness with life scale.
b
Age, gender, highest parental educational qualifications, and household income.
c
All confounders included in model 2 and all other screen-based and sport participation indicators.