TABLE 1—

Outcome Variables and Confounding Factors Used in Evaluation of Sure Start Project: Uttar Pradesh, India, 2007–2010

Variable	Measurement
Dependent variables: health outcomes
Neonatal mortality rate	Indicator of whether last live-born child in 2007 (baseline) or 2010 (follow-up) died within 28 days of birth, expressed per 1000 live births when aggregated. Used Demographic and Health Survey approach, except questions confined to last birth only.
Complications during pregnancy	Summed score of whether each of 16 complications was experienced during pregnancy: fever in third trimester, shortness of breath, vaginal bleeding, swelling of hands or feet, convulsions or loss of consciousness, pale eyelids and weakness, severe headache, high blood pressure, severe abdominal pain, dizziness, excessive vomiting, blurred vision, reduced fetal movement, foul-smelling discharge, rupture of membranes without onset of labor, and night blindness.
Complications during labor and delivery	Summed score of whether each of 8 complications was experienced during labor and delivery: prolonged labor, premature labor, breech or transverse position, vaginal bleeding, severe headache, visual disturbance, fever, and foul-smelling discharge.
Complications during postpartum	Summed score of whether each of 12 complications was experienced during postpartum period: heavy vaginal bleeding, severe abdominal pain, fever, foul-smelling discharge, severe headache, convulsion, red painful area or lump in breast, retained placenta, ruptured vagina, weak or faint, abdominal tenderness, and breast pain or tenderness.
Dependent variables: accessing care
Receipt of antenatal care	Receiving antenatal care or reporting at least 1 tetanus injection or iron–folic acid supplementation.
Receipt of 2 tetanus injections	Receiving 2 tetanus injections during pregnancy.
Iron–folic acid	Receiving or purchasing iron–folic acid tablets or syrup.
Supplementary nutrition	Eating food received from village health centers.
Receipt of JSY payment	Receiving honorarium for delivering baby in hospital.
JSY payment > 1400 rupees	Receiving 1400 rupees or more for delivering baby in hospital.
Institutional delivery	Delivery occurred in a health facility (includes women who were rushed to facility in emergency).
Institutional delivery without emergency	Delivery was planned to occur and occurred in a health facility.
Home delivery	Delivery occurred at home.
Skilled attendance at birth	Home delivery was attended by a skilled birth attendant (analysis run only on subset of home deliveries).
Visit to health clinic in first month	Woman reported visiting a health facility for a routine checkup within the first month after birth of child.
Dependent variables: behavior
Home deliveries
Washed hands	Whether the delivery assistant (whether skilled or otherwise) washed hands with soap and water prior to assisting in delivery.
New blade used	A clean new blade was used to cut the newborn’s umbilical cord.
Nothing on cord	Nothing was applied on the umbilical cord stump.
All 3 of the above
Newborn thermal care
Delayed bath	Newborn was not given a bath immediately after birth.
Keeping baby warm	Newborn was kept warm.
Drying	Newborn was wiped with a dry cloth.
Breastfeeding
First colostrum	Mother fed newborn the colostrum from breast.
Breast milk within an hour	Mother first put baby to breast within 1 hour of birth.
Breast milk first week	Mother did not give baby anything other than breast milk to drink in the first 7 days after delivery.
Exclusive breast milk for 6 mo	Mother exclusively breastfed baby for 6 months after delivery (analysis run only on subset of women with infants older than 6 months of age at time of survey).
Independent variables
Parity 1	All women who had 1 child.
Parity 2	All women who had 2 children.
Parity 3	All women who had 3 or more children.
Women’s literacy	Whether or not woman (interviewee) was literate.
Husband’s literacy	Whether or not the husband was literate.
Age	Age of woman.
Age first	Age of woman at first birth.
Religion and caste	Categorized as: Muslims and others; scheduled castes and scheduled tribes; and general castes and other backward castes.
House	All women living in nonmud dwellings versus women living in mud dwellings.
Water	Whether or not woman had tap inside house or had access to clean water.
Fuel	All women who used cow dung straw as fuel versus those who used electricity, biogas, kerosene, or coal.
Toilet	All women using flush, pit, or bucket versus those using open space or other means.
Electricity	All women who had access to electricity versus those who did not.
Agricultural labor	Husband was an agricultural laborer.
Usually goes to the marketa	Respondent went to the market with someone else.
Decision about major purchase or health of respondent (husband)a	Decisions about health care of respondent or major purchases taken by husband.
Decision about major purchase or health of respondent (respondent and husband jointly)a	Decisions about health care of women or major purchases taken by husband and respondent jointly.

Note. JSY = Janani Suraksha Yojana, a conditional cash transfer scheme.

^aNot Used in the regressions, but mentioned in Conclusions.